使用多个连接和分组优化 SQL 查询 (Postgres 9.3)

Optimizing SQL query with multiple joins and grouping (Postgres 9.3)

我浏览了其他一些帖子并设法使我的查询 运行 快了一点。但是,我对如何进一步优化此查询一头雾水。我打算在一个网站上使用它,它会在加载页面时执行查询,但是 5.5 秒对于等待应该更简单的事情来说太长了。最大的 table 有大约 4,000,000 行,其他的每行大约有 400,000 行。

Table结构

匹配

id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY,
region TEXT,
matchType TEXT,
matchVersion TEXT

团队

matchid BIGINT REFERENCES match(id),
id INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY(matchid, id),
winner TEXT

冠军

id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
version TEXT,
name TEXT

项目

id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT

参与者

PRIMARY KEY(matchid, id),
id INTEGER NOT NULL,
matchid BIGINT REFERENCES match(id),
championid INTEGER REFERENCES champion(id),
teamid INTEGER,
FOREIGN KEY (matchid, teamid) REFERENCES team(matchid, id),
magicDamageDealtToChampions REAL,
damageDealtToChampions REAL,
item0 TEXT,
item1 TEXT,
item2 TEXT,
item3 TEXT,
item4 TEXT,
item5 TEXT,
highestAchievedSeasonTier TEXT

查询

select champion.name,
sum(case when participant.item0 = '3285' then 1::int8 else 0::int8 end) as it0,
sum(case when participant.item1 = '3285' then 1::int8 else 0::int8 end) as it1,
sum(case when participant.item2 = '3285' then 1::int8 else 0::int8 end) as it2,
sum(case when participant.item3 = '3285' then 1::int8 else 0::int8 end) as it3,
sum(case when participant.item4 = '3285' then 1::int8 else 0::int8 end) as it4,
sum(case when participant.item5 = '3285' then 1::int8 else 0::int8 end) as it5
from participant
left join champion
on champion.id = participant.championid
left join team
on team.matchid = participant.matchid and team.id = participant.teamid
left join match
on match.id = participant.matchid
where (team.winner = 'True' and matchversion = '5.14'  and matchtype='RANKED_SOLO_5x5')
group by champion.name;

EXPLAIN ANALYZE 的输出:http://explain.depesz.com/s/ZYX

到目前为止我做了什么

我在 match.regionparticipant.championid 上创建了单独的索引,并在团队 where winner = 'True' 上创建了部分索引(因为那只是我感兴趣的)。请注意 enable_seqscan = on 因为当它关闭时查询非常慢。本质上,我想要得到的结果是这样的:

Champion   |item0 | item1 | ... | item5
champ_name | num  |  num1 | ... | num5
...

由于我在数据库设计方面仍是初学者,如果我的整体 table 设计存在缺陷,我不会感到惊讶。不过,我仍然倾向于绝对低效的查询。我玩过内连接和左连接——虽然没有显着差异。此外,匹配需要 bigint(或大于 integer,因为它太小了)。

我会尝试使用 count(*) 过滤器(其中 item0 = '3285' )as it0

用你的计数代替总和。

此外,您为什么要加入最后 2 个表,然后使用 where 语句。这违背了目的,常规的内部连接更快

select champion.name,
count(*) filter( where participant.item0 = 3285) as it0,
count(*) filter( where participant.item1 = 3285) as it1,
count(*) filter( where participant.item2 = 3285) as it2,
count(*) filter( where participant.item3 = 3285) as it3,
count(*) filter( where participant.item4 = 3285) as it4,
count(*) filter( where participant.item5 = 3285) as it5
from participant
join champion on champion.id = participant.championid
join team on team.matchid = participant.matchid and team.id = participant.teamid
join match on match.id = participant.matchid
where (team.winner = 'True' and matchversion = '5.14'  and matchtype='RANKED_SOLO_5x5')
group by champion.name;

数据库设计

我建议:

CREATE TABLE matchversion (
  matchversion_id int PRIMARY KEY
, matchversion    text UNIQUE NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE matchtype (
  matchtype_id int PRIMARY KEY
, matchtype    text UNIQUE NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE region (
  region_id int PRIMARY KEY
, region    text NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE match (
  match_id        bigint PRIMARY KEY
, region_id       int REFERENCES region
, matchtype_id    int REFERENCES matchtype
, matchversion_id int REFERENCES matchversion
);

CREATE TABLE team (
  match_id bigint REFERENCES match
, team_id  integer  -- better name !
, winner   boolean  -- ?!
, PRIMARY KEY(match_id, team_id)
);

CREATE TABLE champion (
  champion_id int PRIMARY KEY
, version     text
, name        text
);

CREATE TABLE participant (
  participant_id serial PRIMARY KEY -- use proper name !
, champion_id    int NOT NULL REFERENCES champion
, match_id       bigint NOT NULL REFERENCES match -- this FK might be redundant
, team_id        int
, magic_damage_dealt_to_champions real
, damage_dealt_to_champions       real
, item0      text  -- or integer ??
, item1      text
, item2      text
, item3      text
, item4      text
, item5      text
, highest_achieved_season_tier text  -- integer ??
, FOREIGN KEY (match_id, team_id) REFERENCES team
);
  • 更多规范化以获得更小的 tables 和索引以及更快的访问。为matchversionmatchtyperegion创建lookup-tables,只在match中写一个小整数ID。

  • 似乎列 participant.item0 .. item5highestAchievedSeasonTier 可能是 integer,但定义为 text

  • team.winner似乎是boolean,但被定义为text

  • 我还更改了列的顺序以提高效率。详情:

    • Calculating and saving space in PostgreSQL

查询

基于上述修改并针对 Postgres 9.3:

SELECT c.name, *
FROM  (
   SELECT p.champion_id
        , count(p.item0 = '3285' OR NULL) AS it0
        , count(p.item1 = '3285' OR NULL) AS it1
        , count(p.item2 = '3285' OR NULL) AS it2
        , count(p.item3 = '3285' OR NULL) AS it3
        , count(p.item4 = '3285' OR NULL) AS it4
        , count(p.item5 = '3285' OR NULL) AS it5
   FROM   matchversion   mv  
   CROSS  JOIN matchtype mt
   JOIN   match          m  USING (matchtype_id, matchversion_id)
   JOIN   team           t  USING (match_id)
   JOIN   participant    p  USING (match_id, team_id)
   WHERE  mv.matchversion = '5.14'
   AND    mt.matchtype = 'RANKED_SOLO_5x5'
   AND    t.winner = 'True' -- should be boolean
   GROUP  BY p.champion_id
   ) p
JOIN  champion c USING (champion_id);  -- probably just JOIN ?
  • 由于champion.name没有定义UNIQUE,所以很可能错了GROUP BY吧。这也是低效的。请改用 participant.championid(如果您需要结果中的名称,稍后加入 champion)。

  • LEFT JOIN 的所有实例都是毫无意义的,因为无论如何您在左侧有谓词 table 和/或使用 GROUP BY 中的列。

  • AND-ed WHERE 条件周围的括号是不需要的。

  • 在 Postgres 9.4 或更高版本中,您可以改用新的聚合 FILTER 语法。详细信息和备选方案:

    • How can I simplify this game statistics query?

索引

您已有的 team 上的部分索引应如下所示,以允许 index-only 扫描:

CREATE INDEX on team (matchid, id) WHERE winner -- boolean

但据我所知,您可能只需将 winner 列添加到 participant 并完全删除 table team(除非还有更多内容) .

此外,该索引 没有 会有很大帮助,因为(从您的查询计划中得知)table 有 800k 行,其中一半符合条件:

rows=399999 ... Filter: (winner = 'True'::text) ... Rows Removed by Filter: 399999

当您有更多不同的匹配类型和匹配版本时,match 上的这个索引将(稍后)提供更多帮助:

CREATE INDEX on match (matchtype_id, matchversion_id, match_id);

不过,虽然 400k 行中有 100k 行符合条件,但索引仅对仅索引扫描有用。否则,顺序扫描会更快。一个索引通常支付大约选择 table 或更少的 5%。

你的主要问题是你显然运行一个测试用例几乎不现实的数据分布。使用更多选择性谓词,索引将更容易使用。

放在一边

确保你有 configured basic Postgres settings like random_page_cost or work_mem etc.

enable_seqscan = on 不言而喻。这只是为了调试或在本地作为最后手段的绝望措施而关闭。