使用条件语句 (IF/ELIF/ELSE) 的代码更简洁、更短

Cleaner, shorter code using conditionals (IF/ELIF/ELSE)

目标: 使用 IF/ELIF/ELSE 条件句减少 (Python) retrieve_method 的冗长。

对象的结构Table和方法:这个特定的retrieve_method根据构成用户table的元素调用用户对象在数据库中(例如 usernamefirstnamelastnameemail 等)

截至目前,我的代码可以正常工作,但它可以使用更干净、更简洁的代码。我不确定我应该使用 keywords 还是 *args。我仍在学习 Python,因此非常感谢任何有用的建议。 (你会注意到我现在正在使用抽象词 something_unique 来比较输入与 table 中找到的元素。如果两者匹配,方法 returns 匹配项。)

我该如何改进?最好的方法是什么?优点?缺点?

软件:Python2.7.9,SQLAlchemy 1.0.9


代码:

def retrieve_user(self, something_unique):
    if isinstance(something_unique, int):
        print 'retrieve_user_id: ', something_unique # added
        return self.session.query(User).\
            filter(User.id == something_unique).one()
    elif isinstance(something_unique, basestring):
        print 'retrieve_user: ', something_unique # added
        return self.session.query(User).\
            filter(func.lower(User.username) == func.lower(something_unique)).first() 
    elif isinstance(something_unique, basestring):
        print 'retrieve_user email', something_unique
        return self.session.query(User).\
            filter(func.lower(User.email) == func.lower(something_unique)).first()
    elif isinstance(something_unique, User):
        return something_unique
    else:
        raise ValueError('Value being passed is an object')

一种方法是使用关键字参数:

def retrieve_user(self, id=None, name=None, email=None):
    if id:
        return self.session.query(User).\
            filter(User.id == id).one()
    if name:
        return self.session.query(User).\
            filter(func.lower(User.username) == func.lower(name)).first()
etc

你可以在python中使用字典来获取switch语句的行为,它会比if/elif/else模式更有效。在这里用代码描述得很好:

http://code.activestate.com/recipes/181064/

来自 link 的示例:

#! /usr/local/bin/python

# /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
# /**
# * Title: rochambeau.py
# *
# * Description: Rock, Scissors, Paper Game. 
# *              Shows a clean way of implementing a 'switch'
# *              statement in Python via a dictionary container. 
# *              The dictionary is made up of known 'named states' that
# *              are tested in sequence for their current 'state'.
# *
# * Copyright: Copyright (c) 2003
# *            This file is distributed as EXAMPLE SOURCE CODE ONLY!
# *            The following code is considered 'Freeware' and can be 
# *            freely copied/reused/distributed as needed. 
# *
# * Company: None
# * @author: Alan Haffner
# * @version 1.0
# */
# 
# /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
# Date: 02/16/03


import os, sys
import string, random
import types

def cli():

   c = '?'
   while c not in 'rps':

      try:
         print
         # tailing index '[0]' picks only first char from input
         c = raw_input('\tPlease enter (r)ock, (p)aper or (s)cissors to play... ')[0]
      except IndexError:
         # bad input, so like get another...
         pass

      c = c.lower()

      #   x, q...   --> quit
      if c in ('x', 'q' ):
         raise 'USER_QUIT_ERROR'

   return c

if __name__=='__main__':

   errorCode = 0

   stateList = ['r', 'p', 's']

   validStates = { 'User Wins'      : (('p','r'), ('r','s'), ('s','p')),
                   'No One Wins'    : (('p','p'), ('r','r'), ('s','s')),
                   'Computer Wins'  : (('r','p'), ('s','r'), ('p','s')),
   }

   try:
      while 1:
         testTuple     = (None, None)
         userInput     =        None
         computerInput =       '?'

         userInput     = cli()
         computerInput = ( stateList[random.randint(0,2)] )

         testTuple = (userInput, computerInput)

         for select in validStates:
            if testTuple in validStates[select]:
               print
               print "You chose:         ", userInput
               print "The computer chose:", computerInput
               print " ****", select, " ****" 
               print

   # Note: By convention, all local exception 'constants' end 
   # in '_ERROR' regaurdless of their intended use. 
   except KeyboardInterrupt:
      print '\n' * 3
      print '[interrupted by user]'
      print '\n' * 3
   except 'USER_QUIT_ERROR':
      print '\n' * 3
      print '[interrupted by user]'
      print '\n' * 3
   except:
      # unexpected error
      print '\n' * 3
      traceback.print_exc()
      print '\n' * 3

      errorCode = 2

   sys.exit(errorCode)

没有关于何时调用它以及在什么上下文中调用的更多详细信息,我只能提出一些建议来清理它。

建议主要是使用局部变量来存储你经常调用的东西,即self.session.query(User),以及以小写开头的标识符。

我想明确一点,特别是在 "identifier = func.lower(...)" 时,您最终会遇到这样一种情况,如果这最终成为一个 ID,您就做了一些不必要的工作。

def retrieve_user(self, something_unique):
    query_service = self.session.query(User)
    identifier = func.lower(something_unique)
    if isinstance(something_unique, int):
        print 'retrieve_user_id: ', something_unique # added
        return query_service.filter(User.id == something_unique).one()
    elif isinstance(something_unique, basestring):
        print 'retrieve_user: ', something_unique # added
        return query_service.filter(func.lower(User.username) == identifier).first() 
    elif isinstance(something_unique, _basestring):
        print 'retrieve_user email', something_unique
        return query_service.filter(func.lower(User.email) == identifier).first()
    elif isinstance(something_unique, User):
        return something_unique
    else:
        raise ValueError('Value being passed is an object')

老实说,作为一种方法,它并没有那么不干净。如果你一遍又一遍地这样做,你可能会考虑重构为字典。

为此,您可以将类型存储为键,将函数存储为值。然后你可以做...

def retrieve_user(self, something_unique, func_dict):
    for key in func_dict:
        if isinstance(something_unique, key): return func_dict[key](something_unique)
    raise ValueError("Value being passed is an object")

请注意,最后一个建议是语义性的——它并没有真正为您节省大量代码,除了 retrieve_user(...) 本身,因为您仍然需要为别处的字典对象!它当然可以帮助你分解,如果你在其他地方使用这些功能,或者有一个巨大的 elif 级联系列,那绝对是值得的。否则我会把它作为一个功能。