为什么 Tkinter 中的这个形状更新缓慢？
Why does this shape in Tkinter update slowly?
尝试在 tkinter 中做简单的移动：
import tkinter as tk
class GameApp(object):
"""
An object for the game window.
Attributes:
master: Main window tied to the application
canvas: The canvas of this window
"""
def __init__(self, master):
"""
Initialize the window and canvas of the game.
"""
self.master = master
self.master.title = "Game"
self.master.geometry('{}x{}'.format(500, 500))
self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self.master)
self.canvas.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
self.start_game()
#----------------------------------------------#
def start_game(self):
"""
Actual loading of the game.
"""
player = Player(self)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
class Player(object):
"""
The player of the game.
Attributes:
color: color of sprite (string)
dimensions: dimensions of the sprite (array)
canvas: the canvas of this sprite (object)
window: the actual game window object (object)
momentum: how fast the object is moving (array)
"""
def __init__(self, window):
self.color = ""
self.dimensions = [225, 225, 275, 275]
self.window = window
self.properties()
#----------------------------------------------#
def properties(self):
"""
Establish the properties of the player.
"""
self.color = "blue"
self.momentum = [5, 0]
self.draw()
self.mom_calc()
#----------------------------------------------#
def draw(self):
"""
Draw the sprite.
"""
self.sprite = self.window.canvas.create_rectangle(*self.dimensions, fill=self.color, outline=self.color)
#----------------------------------------------#
def mom_calc(self):
"""
Calculate the actual momentum of the thing
"""
self.window.canvas.move(self.sprite, *self.momentum)
self.window.master.after(2, self.mom_calc)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
root = tk.Tk()
game_window = GameApp(root)
其中 self.momentum 是一个包含 2 个整数的数组：一个用于 x 移动，另一个用于 y 移动。然而，矩形的实际移动速度非常慢（大约每秒移动 5 次），self.window.master.after() 时间似乎没有效果。
之前在另一个 tkinter 项目上，我已经设法获得真正响应的 tkinter 运动，所以我只是想知道在这种情况下是否有一种方法可以通过使用不同风格的 OOP 来最小化运动更新时间，或者只是完全不同的代码。
更新：原来 .after() 方法中的时间确实很重要，它实际上叠加在方法的实际时间上。在使用 timeit 计时调用方法后，我得到了这个输出：
>>> print(timeit.timeit("(self.window.master.after(2, self.mom_calc))", number=10000, globals={"self":self}))
0.5395521819053108
所以我想真正的问题是：为什么 .after() 方法需要这么长时间？
更新 2：在多台计算机上测试，在任何平台上移动仍然很慢。
"The default Windows timer resolution is ~15ms. Trying to fire a timer every 1ms is not likely to work the way you want, and for a game is probably quite unnecessary (a display running a 60FPS updates only every ~16ms). See Why are .NET timers limited to 15 ms resolution?"
在 Python - tkinter call to after is too slow 找到解决方案，Andrew Medico 给出了很好的答案（在评论中）。
我至少没有看到您使用 Python 3.6 在 Windows 10 上报告的问题。我测试了如图所示的程序，最后不得不添加一个 root.mainloop()。这显示没有矩形，因为对象离开 canvas 太快以至于看不到。
所以我修改了它以在墙壁之间弹跳并添加了一个计数器来打印每秒 mom_calc 调用的次数。将超时设置为 20 毫秒后，我每秒收到 50 次动作调用，正如预期的那样。将此设置为 2 毫秒，就像在你的 post 中一样，我每秒大约 425 次，所以这里有一点错误，每次调用大约需要 2.3 或 2.4 毫秒。这有点可变，因为其他进程可能会占用此粒度的一些时间。
这里是（稍微）修改过的代码：
import tkinter as tk
class GameApp(object):
"""
An object for the game window.
Attributes:
master: Main window tied to the application
canvas: The canvas of this window
"""
def __init__(self, master):
"""
Initialize the window and canvas of the game.
"""
self.master = master
self.master.title = "Game"
self.master.geometry('{}x{}'.format(500, 500))
self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self.master, background="white")
self.canvas.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
self.start_game()
#----------------------------------------------#
def start_game(self):
"""
Actual loading of the game.
"""
player = Player(self)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
class Player(object):
"""
The player of the game.
Attributes:
color: color of sprite (string)
dimensions: dimensions of the sprite (array)
canvas: the canvas of this sprite (object)
window: the actual game window object (object)
momentum: how fast the object is moving (array)
"""
def __init__(self, window):
self.color = ""
self.dimensions = [225, 225, 275, 275]
self.window = window
self.movement = 0
self.movement_last = 0
self.properties()
#----------------------------------------------#
def properties(self):
"""
Establish the properties of the player.
"""
self.color = "blue"
self.momentum = [5, 0]
self.draw()
self.mom_calc()
self.velocity()
#----------------------------------------------#
def draw(self):
"""
Draw the sprite.
"""
self.sprite = self.window.canvas.create_rectangle(*self.dimensions, fill=self.color, outline=self.color)
#----------------------------------------------#
def mom_calc(self):
"""
Calculate the actual momentum of the thing
"""
pos = self.window.canvas.coords(self.sprite)
if pos[2] > 500:
self.momentum = [-5, 0]
elif pos[0] < 2:
self.momentum = [5, 0]
self.window.canvas.move(self.sprite, *self.momentum)
self.window.master.after(2, self.mom_calc)
self.movement = self.movement + 1
def velocity(self):
print(self.movement - self.movement_last)
self.movement_last = self.movement
self.aid_velocity = self.window.master.after(1000, self.velocity)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = tk.Tk()
game_window = GameApp(root)
root.mainloop()
尝试在 tkinter 中做简单的移动：
import tkinter as tk
class GameApp(object):
"""
An object for the game window.
Attributes:
master: Main window tied to the application
canvas: The canvas of this window
"""
def __init__(self, master):
"""
Initialize the window and canvas of the game.
"""
self.master = master
self.master.title = "Game"
self.master.geometry('{}x{}'.format(500, 500))
self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self.master)
self.canvas.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
self.start_game()
#----------------------------------------------#
def start_game(self):
"""
Actual loading of the game.
"""
player = Player(self)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
class Player(object):
"""
The player of the game.
Attributes:
color: color of sprite (string)
dimensions: dimensions of the sprite (array)
canvas: the canvas of this sprite (object)
window: the actual game window object (object)
momentum: how fast the object is moving (array)
"""
def __init__(self, window):
self.color = ""
self.dimensions = [225, 225, 275, 275]
self.window = window
self.properties()
#----------------------------------------------#
def properties(self):
"""
Establish the properties of the player.
"""
self.color = "blue"
self.momentum = [5, 0]
self.draw()
self.mom_calc()
#----------------------------------------------#
def draw(self):
"""
Draw the sprite.
"""
self.sprite = self.window.canvas.create_rectangle(*self.dimensions, fill=self.color, outline=self.color)
#----------------------------------------------#
def mom_calc(self):
"""
Calculate the actual momentum of the thing
"""
self.window.canvas.move(self.sprite, *self.momentum)
self.window.master.after(2, self.mom_calc)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
root = tk.Tk()
game_window = GameApp(root)
其中 self.momentum 是一个包含 2 个整数的数组：一个用于 x 移动，另一个用于 y 移动。然而，矩形的实际移动速度非常慢（大约每秒移动 5 次），self.window.master.after() 时间似乎没有效果。
之前在另一个 tkinter 项目上，我已经设法获得真正响应的 tkinter 运动，所以我只是想知道在这种情况下是否有一种方法可以通过使用不同风格的 OOP 来最小化运动更新时间，或者只是完全不同的代码。
更新：原来 .after() 方法中的时间确实很重要，它实际上叠加在方法的实际时间上。在使用 timeit 计时调用方法后，我得到了这个输出：
>>> print(timeit.timeit("(self.window.master.after(2, self.mom_calc))", number=10000, globals={"self":self}))
0.5395521819053108
所以我想真正的问题是：为什么 .after() 方法需要这么长时间？
更新 2：在多台计算机上测试，在任何平台上移动仍然很慢。
"The default Windows timer resolution is ~15ms. Trying to fire a timer every 1ms is not likely to work the way you want, and for a game is probably quite unnecessary (a display running a 60FPS updates only every ~16ms). See Why are .NET timers limited to 15 ms resolution?"
在 Python - tkinter call to after is too slow 找到解决方案，Andrew Medico 给出了很好的答案（在评论中）。
我至少没有看到您使用 Python 3.6 在 Windows 10 上报告的问题。我测试了如图所示的程序，最后不得不添加一个 root.mainloop()。这显示没有矩形，因为对象离开 canvas 太快以至于看不到。
所以我修改了它以在墙壁之间弹跳并添加了一个计数器来打印每秒 mom_calc 调用的次数。将超时设置为 20 毫秒后，我每秒收到 50 次动作调用，正如预期的那样。将此设置为 2 毫秒，就像在你的 post 中一样，我每秒大约 425 次，所以这里有一点错误，每次调用大约需要 2.3 或 2.4 毫秒。这有点可变，因为其他进程可能会占用此粒度的一些时间。
这里是（稍微）修改过的代码：
import tkinter as tk
class GameApp(object):
"""
An object for the game window.
Attributes:
master: Main window tied to the application
canvas: The canvas of this window
"""
def __init__(self, master):
"""
Initialize the window and canvas of the game.
"""
self.master = master
self.master.title = "Game"
self.master.geometry('{}x{}'.format(500, 500))
self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self.master, background="white")
self.canvas.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
self.start_game()
#----------------------------------------------#
def start_game(self):
"""
Actual loading of the game.
"""
player = Player(self)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
class Player(object):
"""
The player of the game.
Attributes:
color: color of sprite (string)
dimensions: dimensions of the sprite (array)
canvas: the canvas of this sprite (object)
window: the actual game window object (object)
momentum: how fast the object is moving (array)
"""
def __init__(self, window):
self.color = ""
self.dimensions = [225, 225, 275, 275]
self.window = window
self.movement = 0
self.movement_last = 0
self.properties()
#----------------------------------------------#
def properties(self):
"""
Establish the properties of the player.
"""
self.color = "blue"
self.momentum = [5, 0]
self.draw()
self.mom_calc()
self.velocity()
#----------------------------------------------#
def draw(self):
"""
Draw the sprite.
"""
self.sprite = self.window.canvas.create_rectangle(*self.dimensions, fill=self.color, outline=self.color)
#----------------------------------------------#
def mom_calc(self):
"""
Calculate the actual momentum of the thing
"""
pos = self.window.canvas.coords(self.sprite)
if pos[2] > 500:
self.momentum = [-5, 0]
elif pos[0] < 2:
self.momentum = [5, 0]
self.window.canvas.move(self.sprite, *self.momentum)
self.window.master.after(2, self.mom_calc)
self.movement = self.movement + 1
def velocity(self):
print(self.movement - self.movement_last)
self.movement_last = self.movement
self.aid_velocity = self.window.master.after(1000, self.velocity)
#----------------------------------------------#
#----------------------------------------------#
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = tk.Tk()
game_window = GameApp(root)
root.mainloop()