如何使这段代码成为模块
how to make this code to become module
这是Python代码code
import os
import base64
from io import BytesIO
from flask import Flask, render_template, redirect, url_for, flash, session, \
abort
from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_login import LoginManager, UserMixin, login_user, logout_user, \
current_user
from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
from flask_wtf import FlaskForm
from wtforms import StringField, PasswordField, SubmitField
from wtforms.validators import Required, Length, EqualTo
import onetimepass
import pyqrcode
# create application instance
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object('config')
# initialize extensions
bootstrap = Bootstrap(app)
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
lm = LoginManager(app)
class User(UserMixin, db.Model):
"""User model."""
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(64), index=True)
password_hash = db.Column(db.String(128))
otp_secret = db.Column(db.String(16))
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super(User, self).__init__(**kwargs)
if self.otp_secret is None:
# generate a random secret
self.otp_secret = base64.b32encode(os.urandom(10)).decode('utf-8')
@property
def password(self):
raise AttributeError('password is not a readable attribute')
@password.setter
def password(self, password):
self.password_hash = generate_password_hash(password)
def verify_password(self, password):
return check_password_hash(self.password_hash, password)
def get_totp_uri(self):
return 'otpauth://totp/2FA-Demo:{0}?secret={1}&issuer=2FA-Demo' \
.format(self.username, self.otp_secret)
def verify_totp(self, token):
return onetimepass.valid_totp(token, self.otp_secret)
@lm.user_loader
def load_user(user_id):
"""User loader callback for Flask-Login."""
return User.query.get(int(user_id))
class RegisterForm(FlaskForm):
"""Registration form."""
username = StringField('Username', validators=[Required(), Length(1, 64)])
password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[Required()])
password_again = PasswordField('Password again',
validators=[Required(), EqualTo('password')])
submit = SubmitField('Register')
class LoginForm(FlaskForm):
"""Login form."""
username = StringField('Username', validators=[Required(), Length(1, 64)])
password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[Required()])
token = StringField('Token', validators=[Required(), Length(6, 6)])
submit = SubmitField('Login')
@app.route('/')
def index():
return render_template('index.html')
@app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def register():
"""User registration route."""
if current_user.is_authenticated:
# if user is logged in we get out of here
return redirect(url_for('index'))
form = RegisterForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
user = User.query.filter_by(username=form.username.data).first()
if user is not None:
flash('Username already exists.')
return redirect(url_for('register'))
# add new user to the database
user = User(username=form.username.data, password=form.password.data)
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
# redirect to the two-factor auth page, passing username in session
session['username'] = user.username
return redirect(url_for('two_factor_setup'))
return render_template('register.html', form=form)
@app.route('/twofactor')
def two_factor_setup():
if 'username' not in session:
return redirect(url_for('index'))
user = User.query.filter_by(username=session['username']).first()
if user is None:
return redirect(url_for('index'))
# since this page contains the sensitive qrcode, make sure the browser
# does not cache it
return render_template('two-factor-setup.html'), 200, {
'Cache-Control': 'no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate',
'Pragma': 'no-cache',
'Expires': '0'}
@app.route('/qrcode')
def qrcode():
if 'username' not in session:
abort(404)
user = User.query.filter_by(username=session['username']).first()
if user is None:
abort(404)
# for added security, remove username from session
del session['username']
# render qrcode for FreeTOTP
url = pyqrcode.create(user.get_totp_uri())
stream = BytesIO()
url.svg(stream, scale=3)
return stream.getvalue(), 200, {
'Content-Type': 'image/svg+xml',
'Cache-Control': 'no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate',
'Pragma': 'no-cache',
'Expires': '0'}
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
"""User login route."""
if current_user.is_authenticated:
# if user is logged in we get out of here
return redirect(url_for('index'))
form = LoginForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
user = User.query.filter_by(username=form.username.data).first()
if user is None or not user.verify_password(form.password.data) or \
not user.verify_totp(form.token.data):
flash('Invalid username, password or token.')
return redirect(url_for('login'))
# log user in
login_user(user)
flash('You are now logged in!')
return redirect(url_for('index'))
return render_template('login.html', form=form)
@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
"""User logout route."""
logout_user()
return redirect(url_for('index'))
# create database tables if they don't exist yet
db.create_all()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', debug=True)
我试图将它拆分成一个模块，但它不起作用。
我正在命名 auth.py 我正在尝试 views.py 添加登录和注册的路由但没有成功 我正在关注这个 example 但
如果我必须将所有导入项从 auth.py 导入到 views.py，您能具体解释一下如何拆分吗？
根据 docs，模块是包含 Python 定义和语句的文件。文件名是模块名加上.py后缀
只需使用import moduleNameHere即可导入模块。
您的问题可能是您想要创建一个包，而不是一个模块。同样，根据 docs，包是一种使用“点模块名称”构建 Python 模块命名空间的方式。例如，模块名A.B在一个名为A的包中指定了一个名为B的子模块。就像模块的使用使不同模块的作者不必担心彼此的全局变量名一样，点分模块的使用名称使 multi-module 软件包（如 NumPy 或 Python 图像库）的作者不必担心彼此的模块名称。
创建包的最简单方法是在与要 package.[=17= 的脚本相同的目录中创建一个名为 __init__.py 的文件]
您可以查看 this answer 了解更多详情。但基本上如果你想要一个名为 helloWhosebug 的包，你应该有一个像这样的目录结构：
.
└── helloWhosebug/
├── __init__.py
└── helloWhosebug.py
祝你好运！
这是Python代码code
import os
import base64
from io import BytesIO
from flask import Flask, render_template, redirect, url_for, flash, session, \
abort
from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_login import LoginManager, UserMixin, login_user, logout_user, \
current_user
from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap
from flask_wtf import FlaskForm
from wtforms import StringField, PasswordField, SubmitField
from wtforms.validators import Required, Length, EqualTo
import onetimepass
import pyqrcode
# create application instance
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object('config')
# initialize extensions
bootstrap = Bootstrap(app)
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
lm = LoginManager(app)
class User(UserMixin, db.Model):
"""User model."""
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
username = db.Column(db.String(64), index=True)
password_hash = db.Column(db.String(128))
otp_secret = db.Column(db.String(16))
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super(User, self).__init__(**kwargs)
if self.otp_secret is None:
# generate a random secret
self.otp_secret = base64.b32encode(os.urandom(10)).decode('utf-8')
@property
def password(self):
raise AttributeError('password is not a readable attribute')
@password.setter
def password(self, password):
self.password_hash = generate_password_hash(password)
def verify_password(self, password):
return check_password_hash(self.password_hash, password)
def get_totp_uri(self):
return 'otpauth://totp/2FA-Demo:{0}?secret={1}&issuer=2FA-Demo' \
.format(self.username, self.otp_secret)
def verify_totp(self, token):
return onetimepass.valid_totp(token, self.otp_secret)
@lm.user_loader
def load_user(user_id):
"""User loader callback for Flask-Login."""
return User.query.get(int(user_id))
class RegisterForm(FlaskForm):
"""Registration form."""
username = StringField('Username', validators=[Required(), Length(1, 64)])
password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[Required()])
password_again = PasswordField('Password again',
validators=[Required(), EqualTo('password')])
submit = SubmitField('Register')
class LoginForm(FlaskForm):
"""Login form."""
username = StringField('Username', validators=[Required(), Length(1, 64)])
password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[Required()])
token = StringField('Token', validators=[Required(), Length(6, 6)])
submit = SubmitField('Login')
@app.route('/')
def index():
return render_template('index.html')
@app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def register():
"""User registration route."""
if current_user.is_authenticated:
# if user is logged in we get out of here
return redirect(url_for('index'))
form = RegisterForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
user = User.query.filter_by(username=form.username.data).first()
if user is not None:
flash('Username already exists.')
return redirect(url_for('register'))
# add new user to the database
user = User(username=form.username.data, password=form.password.data)
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
# redirect to the two-factor auth page, passing username in session
session['username'] = user.username
return redirect(url_for('two_factor_setup'))
return render_template('register.html', form=form)
@app.route('/twofactor')
def two_factor_setup():
if 'username' not in session:
return redirect(url_for('index'))
user = User.query.filter_by(username=session['username']).first()
if user is None:
return redirect(url_for('index'))
# since this page contains the sensitive qrcode, make sure the browser
# does not cache it
return render_template('two-factor-setup.html'), 200, {
'Cache-Control': 'no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate',
'Pragma': 'no-cache',
'Expires': '0'}
@app.route('/qrcode')
def qrcode():
if 'username' not in session:
abort(404)
user = User.query.filter_by(username=session['username']).first()
if user is None:
abort(404)
# for added security, remove username from session
del session['username']
# render qrcode for FreeTOTP
url = pyqrcode.create(user.get_totp_uri())
stream = BytesIO()
url.svg(stream, scale=3)
return stream.getvalue(), 200, {
'Content-Type': 'image/svg+xml',
'Cache-Control': 'no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate',
'Pragma': 'no-cache',
'Expires': '0'}
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
"""User login route."""
if current_user.is_authenticated:
# if user is logged in we get out of here
return redirect(url_for('index'))
form = LoginForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
user = User.query.filter_by(username=form.username.data).first()
if user is None or not user.verify_password(form.password.data) or \
not user.verify_totp(form.token.data):
flash('Invalid username, password or token.')
return redirect(url_for('login'))
# log user in
login_user(user)
flash('You are now logged in!')
return redirect(url_for('index'))
return render_template('login.html', form=form)
@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
"""User logout route."""
logout_user()
return redirect(url_for('index'))
# create database tables if they don't exist yet
db.create_all()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', debug=True)
我试图将它拆分成一个模块，但它不起作用。
我正在命名 auth.py 我正在尝试 views.py 添加登录和注册的路由但没有成功 我正在关注这个 example 但
如果我必须将所有导入项从 auth.py 导入到 views.py，您能具体解释一下如何拆分吗？
根据 docs，模块是包含 Python 定义和语句的文件。文件名是模块名加上.py后缀
只需使用import moduleNameHere即可导入模块。
您的问题可能是您想要创建一个包，而不是一个模块。同样，根据 docs，包是一种使用“点模块名称”构建 Python 模块命名空间的方式。例如，模块名A.B在一个名为A的包中指定了一个名为B的子模块。就像模块的使用使不同模块的作者不必担心彼此的全局变量名一样，点分模块的使用名称使 multi-module 软件包（如 NumPy 或 Python 图像库）的作者不必担心彼此的模块名称。
创建包的最简单方法是在与要 package.[=17= 的脚本相同的目录中创建一个名为 __init__.py 的文件]
您可以查看 this answer 了解更多详情。但基本上如果你想要一个名为 helloWhosebug 的包，你应该有一个像这样的目录结构：
.
└── helloWhosebug/
├── __init__.py
└── helloWhosebug.py
祝你好运！