__new__、__init__ 和元类(和超类)

__new__, __init__, and metaclasses (and superclasses)

我花了一天时间试图理解 python class 模型的复杂性,弄乱了装饰器、metaclasses 和 superclasses.

目前,我正在尝试弄清楚某些令牌函数的作用,即 new(此处为背景故事

我制作了一个新的模型模块用于 运行 测试,在这里:

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import sys as system
import os  as operating_system

from functools import partial
from time      import perf_counter as counter

class Meta(type):

    @classmethod
    def __prepare__(instance, name, supers, *list, **map):
        print('{} in meta prepare'.format(name))
        return {}

    def __new__(instance, name, supers, attributes, *list, **map):
        print('{} in meta new'.format(name))
        return instance

    def __init__(self, name, supers, attributes, *list, **map):
            print('{} in meta init'.format(self))

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in meta call'.format(self))
        return type.__call__(self)
        print('after call')

class Super(object):

    def __new__(instance, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Super new'.format(instance))
        return instance

    def __init__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Super init'.format(self))

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Super call'.format(self))
        return object.__call__(self)

class Other(object):

    def __new__(instance, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Other new'.format(instance))
        return instance

    def __init__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Other init'.format(self))

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Other call'.format(self))
        return object.__call__(self)

class MetaSuper(object, metaclass = Meta):

    def __new__(instance, *list, **map):
        print('{} in MetaSuper new'.format(instance))
        return instance

    def __init__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in MetaSuper init'.format(self))

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in MetaSuper call'.format(self))
        return object.__call__(self)

class DoubleSuper(Super, MetaSuper):

    def __new__(instance, *list, **map):
        print('{} in DoubleSuper new'.format(instance))
        return instance

    def __init__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in DoubleSuper init'.format(self))
        Super.__init__(self, *list, **map)
        MetaSuper.__init__(self, *list, **map)

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in DoubleSuper call'.format(self))
        return object.__call__(self)

class SuperThenMeta(Super, metaclass = Meta):

    def __new__(instance, *list, **map):
        print('{} in SuperThenMeta new'.format(instance))
        return instance

    def __init__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in SuperThenMeta init'.format(self))
        Super.__init__(self, *list, **map)

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in SuperThenMeta call'.format(self))
        return object.__call__(self)

class Triple(Super, Other, metaclass = Meta):

    def __new__(instance, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Triple new'.format(instance))
        return instance

    def __init__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Triple init'.format(self))
        Super.__init__(self, *list, **map)
        Other.__init__(self, *list, **map)

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Triple call'.format(self))
        return object.__call__(self)

class Simple(Super):

    def __new__(instance, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Simple new'.format(instance))
        return instance.__init__(instance, *list, **map)

    def __init__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Simple init'.format(self))
        Super.__init__(self, *list, **map)
        Other.__init__(self, *list, **map)

    def __call__(self, *list, **map):
        print('{} in Simple call'.format(self))
        return object.__call__(self)    

def main():
    #thing = SuperThenMeta()
    #other = DoubleSuper()
    last  = Super()
    simp  = Simple()
    trip  = Triple()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

TL;DR,我在这些工件之间尝试了几种不同的设置。

如果我运行这个,这是输出:

MetaSuper in meta prepare
MetaSuper in meta new
SuperThenMeta in meta prepare
SuperThenMeta in meta new
Triple in meta prepare
Triple in meta new
<class '__main__.Super'> in Super new
<class '__main__.Simple'> in Simple new
<class '__main__.Simple'> in Simple init
<class '__main__.Simple'> in Super init
<class '__main__.Simple'> in Other init
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./metaprogramming.py", line 134, in <module>
  main()
File "./metaprogramming.py", line 131, in main
  trip = Triple()
TypeError: __new__() missing 3 required positional arguments: 'name', 'supers', and 'attributes'

由此,我有几个问题:

我知道这是很多信息,感谢您阅读到这里;任何指导将不胜感激。

元class' __new__

方法__new__是创建新实例时调用的方法。因此它的第一个参数 不是 一个实例,因为 none 已经被创建了,而是 class 本身。

在 metaclass 的情况下,__new__ 应该是 return 你的 metaclass 的一个实例,即 class。它的签名是这样的:

class Meta(type):
    def __new__(metacls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
        ...
  • metacls 是 metaclass 本身。

  • name 是代表 class 对象名称的字符串 实例化。

  • bases 是 class 元组,class 将从中继承。

  • namespace是class的命名空间,这是对象 return由 __prepare__ 编辑,现在填充了 class 属性。

  • **kwargs 是在实例化时传递给 class 的任何关键字参数

要实例化一个class,你需要调用type.__new__,这是默认的metaclass。你通常通过调用 super().__new__.

来做到这一点
class Meta(type):
    def __new__(metacls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
        print('You can do stuff here')

        cls = super().__new__(metacls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)

        # You must return the generated class
        return cls

元class' __init__

__init__ 方法的行为与任何其他 class 方法相同。它接收创建的实例,这里是 class,作为参数 if __new__ returned 一个预期类型的​​实例。在您的示例中,__new__ 不是 return 类型 Meta 的对象。它 return Meta 本身是 type.

类型

实例化时永远不会调用以下 __init__ 方法。

class Meta(type):
    def __new__(metacls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
        return None # or anything such that type(obj) is not Meta
    
    def __init__(self, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
        # This will never be called because the return type of `__new__` is wrong
        pass
        

以下是在实例化时调用的,因为 Meta.__new__ 正确 return 是类型 Meta 的对象。

class Meta(type):
        def __new__(metacls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
            return super().__new__(metacls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
        
        def __init__(self, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
            print('__init__ was called')

元class' __call__

同样,__call__ 的行为与任何其他 class 的行为没有什么不同。当您尝试调用元 class 的 实例 时调用它,而当您调用 [=76] 时调用 __new____init__ =]metaclass创建实例(aclass).

当然,调用一个class应该是return一个实例,所以不要忘记调用super().__call__和return它的结果,否则你会短路实例创建,因为它是 type.__call__ 调用 __new____init__.

class Meta(type):
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print(f'An instance was called with {args}')
        return super().__call__(self, *args, **kwargs)

# This declaration if what calls __new__ and __init__ of the metaclass
class Klass(metaclass=Meta):
    pass

# This calls the __call__ method of the metaclass
instance = Klass()