C++17 并行算法是否已经实现?

Are C++17 Parallel Algorithms implemented already?

我曾尝试使用 C++17 标准中提出的新并行库功能,但我无法让它工作。我尝试使用 g++ 8.1.1clang++-6.0 以及 -std=c++17 的最新版本进行编译,但它们似乎都不支持 #include <execution>std::execution::par 或任何类似的东西。

在查看并行算法的 cppreference 时,有一长串算法声称

Technical specification provides parallelized versions of the following 69 algorithms from algorithm, numeric and memory: ( ... long list ...)

听起来算法已经准备就绪 'on paper',但还没有准备好使用?

在一年多前的 中,答案声称这些功能尚未实现。但到现在为止,我希望看到某种实施。有什么我们可以使用的吗?

Gcc 尚未实现并行 TS(参见 https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/status.html#status.iso.2017

但是 libstdc++(带有 gcc)有一些等效并行算法的实验模式。参见 https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/parallel_mode.html

开始工作:

Any use of parallel functionality requires additional compiler and runtime support, in particular support for OpenMP. Adding this support is not difficult: just compile your application with the compiler flag -fopenmp. This will link in libgomp, the GNU Offloading and Multi Processing Runtime Library, whose presence is mandatory.

代码示例

#include <vector>
#include <parallel/algorithm>

int main()
{
  std::vector<int> v(100);

  // ...

  // Explicitly force a call to parallel sort.
  __gnu_parallel::sort(v.begin(), v.end());
  return 0;
}

英特尔发布了一个遵循 C++17 标准的并行 STL 库:

being merged into GCC.

您可以参考https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support查看所有C++功能的实现状态。对于您的情况,只需搜索“Standardization of Parallelism TS”,您会发现现在只有 MSVCIntel C++ 编译器支持此功能。

GCC 9 有它们,但你必须单独安装 TBB

在Ubuntu19.10,所有组件终于对齐了:

  • GCC 9 is the default one,以及 TBB 所需的最低版本
  • TBB (Intel Thread Building Blocks) 在 2019~U8-1,因此它满足 2018 年的最低要求

所以你可以简单地做:

sudo apt install gcc libtbb-dev
g++ -ggdb3 -O3 -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -o main.out main.cpp -ltbb
./main.out

并用作:

#include <execution>
#include <algorithm>

std::sort(std::execution::par_unseq, input.begin(), input.end());

另请参阅下面的完整 运行可用基准。

GCC 9 和 TBB 2018 是发行说明中提到的第一批工作:https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-9/changes.html

Parallel algorithms and <execution> (requires Thread Building Blocks 2018 or newer).

相关话题:

  • How to install TBB from source on Linux and make it work
  • trouble linking INTEL tbb library

Ubuntu 18.04 安装

Ubuntu18.04有点复杂:

这里是 Ubuntu 18.04 的全自动测试命令:

# Install GCC 9
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gcc-9 g++-9

# Compile libtbb from source.
sudo apt-get build-dep libtbb-dev
git clone https://github.com/intel/tbb
cd tbb
git checkout 2019_U9
make -j `nproc`
TBB="$(pwd)"
TBB_RELEASE="${TBB}/build/linux_intel64_gcc_cc7.4.0_libc2.27_kernel4.15.0_release"

# Use them to compile our test program.
g++-9 -ggdb3 -O3 -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -I "${TBB}/include" -L 
"${TBB_RELEASE}" -Wl,-rpath,"${TBB_RELEASE}" -o main.out main.cpp -ltbb
./main.out

测试程序分析

我已经用这个比较并行和串行排序速度的程序进行了测试。

main.cpp

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <chrono>
#include <execution>
#include <random>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    using clk = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;
    decltype(clk::now()) start, end;
    std::vector<unsigned long long> input_parallel, input_serial;
    unsigned int seed;
    unsigned long long n;

    // CLI arguments;
    std::uniform_int_distribution<uint64_t> zero_ull_max(0);
    if (argc > 1) {
        n = std::strtoll(argv[1], NULL, 0);
    } else {
        n = 10;
    }
    if (argc > 2) {
        seed = std::stoi(argv[2]);
    } else {
        seed = std::random_device()();
    }

    std::mt19937 prng(seed);
    for (unsigned long long i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        input_parallel.push_back(zero_ull_max(prng));
    }
    input_serial = input_parallel;

    // Sort and time parallel.
    start = clk::now();
    std::sort(std::execution::par_unseq, input_parallel.begin(), input_parallel.end());
    end = clk::now();
    std::cout << "parallel " << std::chrono::duration<float>(end - start).count() << " s" << std::endl;

    // Sort and time serial.
    start = clk::now();
    std::sort(std::execution::seq, input_serial.begin(), input_serial.end());
    end = clk::now();
    std::cout << "serial " << std::chrono::duration<float>(end - start).count() << " s" << std::endl;

    assert(input_parallel == input_serial);
}

在 Ubuntu 19.10,Lenovo ThinkPad P51 笔记本电脑 CPU:英特尔酷睿 i7-7820HQ CPU(4 核/8 线程,2.90 GHz 基频,8 MB 缓存), RAM:2x Samsung M471A2K43BB1-CRC(2x 16GiB,2400 Mbps)输入的典型输出有 1 亿个数字要排序:

./main.out 100000000

是:

parallel 2.00886 s
serial 9.37583 s

所以并行版本大约快 4.5 倍!另见:What do the terms "CPU bound" and "I/O bound" mean?

我们可以通过 strace:

确认进程正在生成线程
strace -f -s999 -v ./main.out 100000000 |& grep -E 'clone'

显示几行类型:

[pid 25774] clone(strace: Process 25788 attached
[pid 25774] <... clone resumed> child_stack=0x7fd8c57f4fb0, flags=CLONE_VM|CLONE_FS|CLONE_FILES|CLONE_SIGHAND|CLONE_THREAD|CLONE_SYSVSEM|CLONE_SETTLS|CLONE_PARENT_SETTID|CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID, parent_tidptr=0x7fd8c57f59d0, tls=0x7fd8c57f5700, child_tidptr=0x7fd8c57f59d0) = 25788

此外,如果我注释掉串行版本和 运行 :

time ./main.out 100000000

我得到:

real    0m5.135s
user    0m17.824s
sys     0m0.902s

confirms again that the algorithm was parallelized since real < user,并给出了它在我的系统中并行化的效率(8 核大约 3.5 倍)。

错误信息

Google,请索引。

如果你没有安装tbb,错误是:

In file included from /usr/include/c++/9/pstl/parallel_backend.h:14,
                 from /usr/include/c++/9/pstl/algorithm_impl.h:25,
                 from /usr/include/c++/9/pstl/glue_execution_defs.h:52,
                 from /usr/include/c++/9/execution:32,
                 from parallel_sort.cpp:4:
/usr/include/c++/9/pstl/parallel_backend_tbb.h:19:10: fatal error: tbb/blocked_range.h: No such file or directory
   19 | #include <tbb/blocked_range.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.

所以我们看到 <execution> 依赖于一个未安装的 TBB 组件。

如果 TBB 太旧,例如默认 Ubuntu 18.04 一个,它失败了:

#error Intel(R) Threading Building Blocks 2018 is required; older versions are not supported.

Gcc 现在支持执行 header,但不支持来自 https://apt.llvm.org

的标准 clang 构建