为什么 asyncio 不总是使用执行器?

Why doesn't asyncio always use executors?

我要发送很多HTTP请求,一旦所有请求都返回,程序就可以继续了。听起来非常适合 asyncio。有点天真,我将对 requests 的调用包装在一个 async 函数中,并将它们交给 asyncio。这是行不通的。

网上搜索后,找到了两种解决方案:

为了更好地理解这一点,我写了一个小的基准测试。服务器端是一个烧瓶程序,在响应请求之前等待 0.1 秒。

from flask import Flask
import time

app = Flask(__name__)


@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    time.sleep(0.1) // heavy calculations here :)
    return 'Hello World!'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

客户是我的标杆

import requests
from time import perf_counter, sleep

# this is the baseline, sequential calls to requests.get
start = perf_counter()
for i in range(10):
    r = requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:5000/")
stop = perf_counter()
print(f"synchronous took {stop-start} seconds") # 1.062 secs

# now the naive asyncio version
import asyncio
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

async def get_response():
    r = requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:5000/")

start = perf_counter()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*[get_response() for i in range(10)]))
stop = perf_counter()
print(f"asynchronous took {stop-start} seconds") # 1.049 secs

# the fast asyncio version
start = perf_counter()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(
    *[loop.run_in_executor(None, requests.get, 'http://127.0.0.1:5000/') for i in range(10)]))
stop = perf_counter()
print(f"asynchronous (executor) took {stop-start} seconds") # 0.122 secs

#finally, aiohttp
import aiohttp

async def get_response(session):
    async with session.get("http://127.0.0.1:5000/") as response:
        return await response.text()

async def main():
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        await get_response(session)

start = perf_counter()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*[main() for i in range(10)]))
stop = perf_counter()
print(f"aiohttp took {stop-start} seconds") # 0.121 secs

因此,asyncio 的直观实现不处理阻塞 io 代码。但是如果你正确使用asyncio,它和特殊的aiohttp框架一样快。 coroutines and tasks don't really mention this. Only if you read up on the loop.run_in_executor() 的文档说:

# File operations (such as logging) can block the
# event loop: run them in a thread pool.

我对这种行为感到惊讶。 asyncio 的目的是加速阻塞 io 调用。为什么需要额外的包装器 run_in_executor 来执行此操作?

aiohttp 的整个卖点似乎是对 asyncio 的支持。但据我所知,requests 模块工作得很好——只要你把它包装在一个执行程序中。是否有理由避免在执行程序中包装某些东西?

But as far as I can see, the requests module works perfectly - as long as you wrap it in an executor. Is there a reason to avoid wrapping something in an executor ?

运行 执行器中的代码意味着 运行 它在 OS threads.

aiohttp 和类似的库允许 运行 非阻塞代码而无需 OS 线程,仅使用协程。

如果您没有太多工作,OS 线程和协程之间的差异并不显着,尤其是与瓶颈 - I/O 操作相比。但是一旦你有很多工作,你会注意到 OS 线程由于昂贵的 context switching.

而表现相对较差

例如,当我将您的代码更改为time.sleep(0.001)range(100)时,我的机器显示:

asynchronous (executor) took 0.21461606299999997 seconds
aiohttp took 0.12484742700000007 seconds

而且这种差异只会根据请求的数量增加。

The purpose of asyncio is to speed up blocking io calls.

不,asyncio的目的是提供方便的方式来控制执行流程。 asyncio 允许您选择流程的工作方式 - 基于协程和 OS 线程(当您使用执行程序时)或纯协程(如 aiohttp 那样)。

aiohttp 的目的是加快速度,它处理如上所示的任务:)