如何在 python 中乘以函数?
How to multiply functions in python?
def sub3(n):
return n - 3
def square(n):
return n * n
在Python中编写函数很容易:
>>> my_list
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> [square(sub3(n)) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
不幸的是,要将组合用作 key 很尴尬,您必须在 another 函数中使用它们,该函数在转:
>>> sorted(my_list, key=lambda n: square(sub3(n)))
[3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 0, 6, 7, 8, 9]
这实际上应该只是 sorted(my_list, key=square*sub3)
,因为哎呀,函数 __mul__
无论如何都没有用于任何其他用途:
>>> square * sub3
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'function' and 'function'
那么让我们定义它吧!
>>> type(sub3).__mul__ = 'something'
TypeError: can't set attributes of built-in/extension type 'function'
哦!
>>> class ComposableFunction(types.FunctionType):
... pass
...
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases
type 'function' is not an acceptable base type
哦!
class Hack(object):
def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.function(*args, **kwargs)
def __mul__(self, other):
def hack(*args, **kwargs):
return self.function(other(*args, **kwargs))
return Hack(hack)
嘿,现在我们到了某个地方..
>>> square = Hack(square)
>>> sub3 = Hack(sub3)
>>> [square(sub3(n)) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
>>> [(square*sub3)(n) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
>>> sorted(my_list, key=square*sub3)
[3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 0, 6, 7, 8, 9]
但我不想要 Hack
可调用 class!范围规则在我不完全理解的方面有所不同,而且可以说它比仅仅使用“lameda”更丑陋。是否有可能以某种方式让组合直接与函数一起工作?
Python 不(并且可能永远不会)在句法级别或作为标准库函数支持函数组合。有各种第 3 方模块(例如 functional)提供了实现函数组合的高阶函数。
您可以像写的那样将 hack class 用作装饰器,但您可能希望为 class 选择一个更合适的名称。
像这样:
class Composable(object):
def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.function(*args, **kwargs)
def __mul__(self, other):
@Composable
def composed(*args, **kwargs):
return self.function(other(*args, **kwargs))
return composed
def __rmul__(self, other):
@Composable
def composed(*args, **kwargs):
return other(self.function(*args, **kwargs))
return composed
然后您可以像这样装饰您的函数:
@Composable
def sub3(n):
return n - 3
@Composable
def square(n):
return n * n
然后像这样组合它们:
(square * sub3)(n)
基本上这与您使用 hack class 完成的事情相同,只是将其用作装饰器。
也许是这样的:
class Composition(object):
def __init__(self, *args):
self.functions = args
def __call__(self, arg):
result = arg
for f in reversed(self.functions):
result = f(result)
return result
然后:
sorted(my_list, key=Composition(square, sub3))
您可以使用 SSPipe library:
组合函数
from sspipe import p, px
sub3 = px - 3
square = px * px
composed = sub3 | square
print(5 | composed)
def sub3(n):
return n - 3
def square(n):
return n * n
在Python中编写函数很容易:
>>> my_list
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> [square(sub3(n)) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
不幸的是,要将组合用作 key 很尴尬,您必须在 another 函数中使用它们,该函数在转:
>>> sorted(my_list, key=lambda n: square(sub3(n)))
[3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 0, 6, 7, 8, 9]
这实际上应该只是 sorted(my_list, key=square*sub3)
,因为哎呀,函数 __mul__
无论如何都没有用于任何其他用途:
>>> square * sub3
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'function' and 'function'
那么让我们定义它吧!
>>> type(sub3).__mul__ = 'something'
TypeError: can't set attributes of built-in/extension type 'function'
哦!
>>> class ComposableFunction(types.FunctionType):
... pass
...
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases
type 'function' is not an acceptable base type
哦!
class Hack(object):
def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.function(*args, **kwargs)
def __mul__(self, other):
def hack(*args, **kwargs):
return self.function(other(*args, **kwargs))
return Hack(hack)
嘿,现在我们到了某个地方..
>>> square = Hack(square)
>>> sub3 = Hack(sub3)
>>> [square(sub3(n)) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
>>> [(square*sub3)(n) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
>>> sorted(my_list, key=square*sub3)
[3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 0, 6, 7, 8, 9]
但我不想要 Hack
可调用 class!范围规则在我不完全理解的方面有所不同,而且可以说它比仅仅使用“lameda”更丑陋。是否有可能以某种方式让组合直接与函数一起工作?
Python 不(并且可能永远不会)在句法级别或作为标准库函数支持函数组合。有各种第 3 方模块(例如 functional)提供了实现函数组合的高阶函数。
您可以像写的那样将 hack class 用作装饰器,但您可能希望为 class 选择一个更合适的名称。
像这样:
class Composable(object):
def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.function(*args, **kwargs)
def __mul__(self, other):
@Composable
def composed(*args, **kwargs):
return self.function(other(*args, **kwargs))
return composed
def __rmul__(self, other):
@Composable
def composed(*args, **kwargs):
return other(self.function(*args, **kwargs))
return composed
然后您可以像这样装饰您的函数:
@Composable
def sub3(n):
return n - 3
@Composable
def square(n):
return n * n
然后像这样组合它们:
(square * sub3)(n)
基本上这与您使用 hack class 完成的事情相同,只是将其用作装饰器。
也许是这样的:
class Composition(object):
def __init__(self, *args):
self.functions = args
def __call__(self, arg):
result = arg
for f in reversed(self.functions):
result = f(result)
return result
然后:
sorted(my_list, key=Composition(square, sub3))
您可以使用 SSPipe library:
组合函数from sspipe import p, px
sub3 = px - 3
square = px * px
composed = sub3 | square
print(5 | composed)