在 Swift 中,您能否创建一个仅在特定条件满足关联类型时才需要特定功能的协议?

In Swift, can you create a protocol which requires a particular function only when certain conditions hold about the associated types?

我想表达一个 Swift 协议,类似于以下两个都无法编译的片段。

尝试 1:

protocol AbstractFunction {
    associatedtype Domain
    associatedtype Codomain

    func apply(_ x: Domain) -> Codomain

    static var identity: Self where Domain == Codomain { get }
}

尝试 2:

protocol AbstractFunction {
    associatedtype Domain
    associatedtype Codomain

    func apply(_ x: Domain) -> Codomain

    static func identity() -> Self where Domain == Codomain { get }
}

第一个在 Swift 语法中甚至无效,而第二个失败 'where' clause cannot be attached to a non-generic declaration.

这两个示例都试图表达一个协议,该协议描述的函数不是实际函数类型的实例 (A) -> B。如果有类型 Vector2Vector3,可以想象创建类型 Matrix2x2Matrix2x3Matrix3x3 并使它们符合 AbstractFunction 协议. MatrixNxM 的域名为 VectorM,密码域为 VectorN。方矩阵有一个单位矩阵,但当域和辅域不同时,单位矩阵(或真正的单位函数)的概念就没有意义了。

因此,我希望协议 AbstractFunction 要求符合类型来提供身份,但仅在 Domain == Codomain 的情况下。这可能吗?

我认为你做不到。但是,我可以看到另外两种可能对您有所帮助的方法。

通过对 identity 使用可选类型,您表示实现 AbstractFunction 的特定类型可能有也可能没有身份。例如:

final class ConcreteFunctionWithoutIdentity: AbstractFunction {
  typealias Domain = Int
  typealias Codomain = Int

  func apply(_ x: Int) -> Int {
    return 0
  }

  static var identity: ConcreteFunctionWithoutIdentity?
}

// Using
if let identity = ConcreteFunctionWithoutIdentity.identity else {
   // It will not fall here, since ConcreteFunctionWithoutIdentity doesn't have identity
   ...
}

final class ConcreteFunctionWithIdentity: AbstractFunction {
  typealias Domain = Int
  typealias Codomain = Int

  func apply(_ x: Int) -> Int {
    return 0
  }

  static var identity: ConcreteFunctionWithtIdentity? {
    // return something
  }
}

if let identity = ConcreteFunctionWithtIdentity.identity else {
   // It will fall here, since ConcreteFunctionWithIdentity indeed have identity
   ...
}

您可以通过声明第二个更严格的协议来实现它:

protocol AbstractFunction {
    associatedtype Domain
    associatedtype Codomain

    func apply(_ x: Domain) -> Codomain
}

protocol AbstractEndofunction: AbstractFunction where Codomain == Domain {
    static var identity: Self { get }
}

关于 Int -> Int 函数的示例:

final class IntFunction: AbstractEndofunction {
    typealias Domain = Int

    static var identity = IntFunction { [=11=] }

    private let function: (Int) -> Int

    init(_ function: @escaping (Int) -> Int) {
        self.function = function
    }

    func apply(_ x: Int) -> Int {
        return function(x)
    }
}