"from builtins import *" 和 python2 中的 super():不好的做法?

"from builtins import *" and super() in python2: bad practice?

我正在尝试将我的 Python3 包移植到 Python2。我使用 pasteurize 并且一切正常。我注意到它从 builtins 导入了一些内容,包括 strintsuper。我想知道从 builtins 导入所有内容是否安全。是的,我知道原则上 asterisk import is considered bad practice 因为它扰乱了当前的命名空间,并不清楚导入的内容和覆盖你不想要的名称。但是,当谈到 builtins 时,难道不是所有这些都已经作为名称存在,可以安全导入并且不应该破坏任何东西吗?

此外,如果在 Python2 代码中使用 builtins 中的 super,将其称为 Python3 的 super 且不带参数是否安全?是否存在可能会因 Python2 而中断的边缘情况?

from builtins import * # is this frowned upon?
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__() # is this always safe in python 2?

编辑 1:澄清一下,因为 Python2 builtins 来自 future 而不是内置模块Python3.

编辑 2:有些人建议不带参数调用 super never 并且从 builtins 没有区别。显然这是错误的。

from __future__ import print_function

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x

class Bar(object):
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x + 1

class Baz(Bar, Foo):
    def __init__(self, x):
        super().__init__(x)

try:
    b = Baz(1)
except TypeError as e:
    # this will only happen in Python 2
    print("Didn't work: {}; trying with builtins.super".format(str(e)))
    from builtins import super
    b = Baz(1) # this now works in Python 2.7 too
print(b.x)

这个 super 是 Python 3 super 的重新实现,但不要指望像 Python 3 super 那样高效。

在Python 3 中,编译器作弊,每当它看到函数中引用的名称super 时,它会自动向该函数添加一个名为__class__ 的单元格变量。 super 函数利用 __class__ 来弥补未传递给它的参数。您可以通过执行以下操作来查看此操作:

class X:
    def f(self):
        super
        return __class__

assert X().f() is X
assert X.f.__closure__[0].cell_contents is X

__class__ 被定义一次(第一次编译函数时)+ 所以 super 做的这个查找非常快。

newsuper,另一方面,每次都需要通过 MRO(和任何装饰器)向下钻取,以确定 self 的类型和函数定义的类型一。 它看起来很适合向后移植 Python 3(可能是它存在于 future.builtins 中的原因)。 但是你应该坚持标准 Python 2 super,所以阅读你的代码的人不会对此感到惊讶。

实施:(取自https://github.com/rfk/magicsuper/blob/master/magicsuper/_super.py(由future.builtins.newsuper记录))

def super(typ=_SENTINEL, type_or_obj=_SENTINEL, framedepth=1):
    '''Like builtin super(), but capable of magic.
    This acts just like the builtin super() function, but if called
    without any arguments it attempts to infer them at runtime.
    '''
    #  Infer the correct call if used without arguments.
    if typ is _SENTINEL:
        # We'll need to do some frame hacking.
        f = sys._getframe(framedepth)

        try:
            # Get the function's first positional argument.
            type_or_obj = f.f_locals[f.f_code.co_varnames[0]]
        except (IndexError,KeyError,):
            raise RuntimeError('super() used in a function with no args')

        try:
            # Get the MRO so we can crawl it.
            mro = type_or_obj.__mro__
        except AttributeError:
            try:
                mro = type_or_obj.__class__.__mro__
            except AttributeError:
                raise RuntimeError('super() used with a non-newstyle class')

        #   A ``for...else`` block?  Yes!  It's odd, but useful.
        #   If unfamiliar with for...else, see:
        #
        #       http://psung.blogspot.com/2007/12/for-else-in-python.html
        for typ in mro:
            #  Find the class that owns the currently-executing method.
            for meth in typ.__dict__.itervalues():
                # Drill down through any wrappers to the underlying func.
                # This handles e.g. classmethod() and staticmethod().
                try:
                    while not isinstance(meth,FunctionType):
                        try:
                            meth = meth.__func__
                        except AttributeError:
                            meth = meth.__get__(type_or_obj)
                except (AttributeError, TypeError):
                    continue
                if meth.func_code is f.f_code:
                    break   # Aha!  Found you.
            else:
                continue    #  Not found! Move onto the next class in MRO.
            break    #  Found! Break out of the search loop.
        else:
            raise RuntimeError('super() called outside a method')

    #  Dispatch to builtin super().
    if type_or_obj is not _SENTINEL:
        return _builtin_super(typ,type_or_obj)
return _builtin_super(typ)