Rails 6（边缘）'test_helper'、'rails_helper'、'spec_helper' - 有什么区别？
Rails 6 (edge) 'test_helper', 'rails_helper', 'spec_helper' - what's the difference?
我是 运行 一个 Rails 6 应用程序（边缘 b运行ch），默认情况下它带有一个 test_helper.rb 文件，所有空测试都需要默认值：
require 'test_helper'
class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
# test "the truth" do
# assert true
# end
end
我是 Rails 中的测试新手，当我从其他 gem（例如 https://github.com/chrisalley/pundit-matchers）阅读信息时，他们都提到了 'spec_helper' 和 'rails_helper' 文件，但从来没有 'test_helper'.
他们都提到了在 _helper 文件中调整配置设置，但是我的默认 test_helper 文件如下所示：
ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'test'
require_relative '../config/environment'
require 'rails/test_help'
class ActiveSupport::TestCase
# Run tests in parallel with specified workers
parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors)
# Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
fixtures :all
# Add more helper methods to be used by all tests here...
end
没有配置区域...我要在这里写什么才能得到它？
编辑：
所以我运行rails generate rspec:install并生成：
create .rspec
create spec
create spec/spec_helper.rb
create spec/rails_helper.rb
我想我还是有点困惑，为什么 rails 6 为我提供一个 test 目录，如果我必须重新构建它？
我想我的问题是默认情况下（在 test 目录中）似乎没有 spec 目录中提供的功能强大。例如，将上面的 test_helper.rb 与下面的 spec_helper.rb 进行比较：
# This file was generated by the `rails generate rspec:install` command. Conventionally, all
# specs live under a `spec` directory, which RSpec adds to the `$LOAD_PATH`.
# The generated `.rspec` file contains `--require spec_helper` which will cause
# this file to always be loaded, without a need to explicitly require it in any
# files.
#
# Given that it is always loaded, you are encouraged to keep this file as
# light-weight as possible. Requiring heavyweight dependencies from this file
# will add to the boot time of your test suite on EVERY test run, even for an
# individual file that may not need all of that loaded. Instead, consider making
# a separate helper file that requires the additional dependencies and performs
# the additional setup, and require it from the spec files that actually need
# it.
#
# See http://rubydoc.info/gems/rspec-core/RSpec/Core/Configuration
RSpec.configure do |config|
# rspec-expectations config goes here. You can use an alternate
# assertion/expectation library such as wrong or the stdlib/minitest
# assertions if you prefer.
config.expect_with :rspec do |expectations|
# This option will default to `true` in RSpec 4. It makes the `description`
# and `failure_message` of custom matchers include text for helper methods
# defined using `chain`, e.g.:
# be_bigger_than(2).and_smaller_than(4).description
# # => "be bigger than 2 and smaller than 4"
# ...rather than:
# # => "be bigger than 2"
expectations.include_chain_clauses_in_custom_matcher_descriptions = true
end
# rspec-mocks config goes here. You can use an alternate test double
# library (such as bogus or mocha) by changing the `mock_with` option here.
config.mock_with :rspec do |mocks|
# Prevents you from mocking or stubbing a method that does not exist on
# a real object. This is generally recommended, and will default to
# `true` in RSpec 4.
mocks.verify_partial_doubles = true
end
# This option will default to `:apply_to_host_groups` in RSpec 4 (and will
# have no way to turn it off -- the option exists only for backwards
# compatibility in RSpec 3). It causes shared context metadata to be
# inherited by the metadata hash of host groups and examples, rather than
# triggering implicit auto-inclusion in groups with matching metadata.
config.shared_context_metadata_behavior = :apply_to_host_groups
# The settings below are suggested to provide a good initial experience
# with RSpec, but feel free to customize to your heart's content.
=begin
# This allows you to limit a spec run to individual examples or groups
# you care about by tagging them with `:focus` metadata. When nothing
# is tagged with `:focus`, all examples get run. RSpec also provides
# aliases for `it`, `describe`, and `context` that include `:focus`
# metadata: `fit`, `fdescribe` and `fcontext`, respectively.
config.filter_run_when_matching :focus
# Allows RSpec to persist some state between runs in order to support
# the `--only-failures` and `--next-failure` CLI options. We recommend
# you configure your source control system to ignore this file.
config.example_status_persistence_file_path = "spec/examples.txt"
# Limits the available syntax to the non-monkey patched syntax that is
# recommended. For more details, see:
# - http://rspec.info/blog/2012/06/rspecs-new-expectation-syntax/
# - http://www.teaisaweso.me/blog/2013/05/27/rspecs-new-message-expectation-syntax/
# - http://rspec.info/blog/2014/05/notable-changes-in-rspec-3/#zero-monkey-patching-mode
config.disable_monkey_patching!
# Many RSpec users commonly either run the entire suite or an individual
# file, and it's useful to allow more verbose output when running an
# individual spec file.
if config.files_to_run.one?
# Use the documentation formatter for detailed output,
# unless a formatter has already been configured
# (e.g. via a command-line flag).
config.default_formatter = "doc"
end
# Print the 10 slowest examples and example groups at the
# end of the spec run, to help surface which specs are running
# particularly slow.
config.profile_examples = 10
# Run specs in random order to surface order dependencies. If you find an
# order dependency and want to debug it, you can fix the order by providing
# the seed, which is printed after each run.
# --seed 1234
config.order = :random
# Seed global randomization in this process using the `--seed` CLI option.
# Setting this allows you to use `--seed` to deterministically reproduce
# test failures related to randomization by passing the same `--seed` value
# as the one that triggered the failure.
Kernel.srand config.seed
=end
end
你得到 test_helper.rb 文件而不是 spec_helper.rb 文件的原因是因为 rails 附带 Minitest 作为编写测试的默认框架，在另一方面 rails 可以使用其他测试框架 Rspec 按照您提到的方式安装它。
在这种情况下，例如 https://github.com/chrisalley/pundit-matchers 它表示这是一组用于测试 Pundit 的 RSpec 匹配器，因此在这种情况下，您需要使用 Rspec 才能使用这个匹配器。如果您想继续使用 Minitest，您可能需要寻找类似的匹配器选项，但对于 Minitest.
Rspec 或 Minispec 哪个更好取决于项目和组织的不同方面，但这两个选项都是编写测试的强大选项。
Stack Overflow中还有更多文章涉及Rspec和Minitest中的配置，例如：
How is spec/rails_helper.rb different from spec/spec_helper.rb? Do I need it?.
两者的文档
还有一些工具可以将您的 Minitest 文件转换为 Rspec 文件，例如：
我是 运行 一个 Rails 6 应用程序（边缘 b运行ch），默认情况下它带有一个 test_helper.rb 文件，所有空测试都需要默认值：
require 'test_helper'
class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
# test "the truth" do
# assert true
# end
end
我是 Rails 中的测试新手，当我从其他 gem（例如 https://github.com/chrisalley/pundit-matchers）阅读信息时，他们都提到了 'spec_helper' 和 'rails_helper' 文件，但从来没有 'test_helper'.
他们都提到了在 _helper 文件中调整配置设置，但是我的默认 test_helper 文件如下所示：
ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'test'
require_relative '../config/environment'
require 'rails/test_help'
class ActiveSupport::TestCase
# Run tests in parallel with specified workers
parallelize(workers: :number_of_processors)
# Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
fixtures :all
# Add more helper methods to be used by all tests here...
end
没有配置区域...我要在这里写什么才能得到它？
编辑：
所以我运行rails generate rspec:install并生成：
create .rspec
create spec
create spec/spec_helper.rb
create spec/rails_helper.rb
我想我还是有点困惑，为什么 rails 6 为我提供一个 test 目录，如果我必须重新构建它？
我想我的问题是默认情况下（在 test 目录中）似乎没有 spec 目录中提供的功能强大。例如，将上面的 test_helper.rb 与下面的 spec_helper.rb 进行比较：
# This file was generated by the `rails generate rspec:install` command. Conventionally, all
# specs live under a `spec` directory, which RSpec adds to the `$LOAD_PATH`.
# The generated `.rspec` file contains `--require spec_helper` which will cause
# this file to always be loaded, without a need to explicitly require it in any
# files.
#
# Given that it is always loaded, you are encouraged to keep this file as
# light-weight as possible. Requiring heavyweight dependencies from this file
# will add to the boot time of your test suite on EVERY test run, even for an
# individual file that may not need all of that loaded. Instead, consider making
# a separate helper file that requires the additional dependencies and performs
# the additional setup, and require it from the spec files that actually need
# it.
#
# See http://rubydoc.info/gems/rspec-core/RSpec/Core/Configuration
RSpec.configure do |config|
# rspec-expectations config goes here. You can use an alternate
# assertion/expectation library such as wrong or the stdlib/minitest
# assertions if you prefer.
config.expect_with :rspec do |expectations|
# This option will default to `true` in RSpec 4. It makes the `description`
# and `failure_message` of custom matchers include text for helper methods
# defined using `chain`, e.g.:
# be_bigger_than(2).and_smaller_than(4).description
# # => "be bigger than 2 and smaller than 4"
# ...rather than:
# # => "be bigger than 2"
expectations.include_chain_clauses_in_custom_matcher_descriptions = true
end
# rspec-mocks config goes here. You can use an alternate test double
# library (such as bogus or mocha) by changing the `mock_with` option here.
config.mock_with :rspec do |mocks|
# Prevents you from mocking or stubbing a method that does not exist on
# a real object. This is generally recommended, and will default to
# `true` in RSpec 4.
mocks.verify_partial_doubles = true
end
# This option will default to `:apply_to_host_groups` in RSpec 4 (and will
# have no way to turn it off -- the option exists only for backwards
# compatibility in RSpec 3). It causes shared context metadata to be
# inherited by the metadata hash of host groups and examples, rather than
# triggering implicit auto-inclusion in groups with matching metadata.
config.shared_context_metadata_behavior = :apply_to_host_groups
# The settings below are suggested to provide a good initial experience
# with RSpec, but feel free to customize to your heart's content.
=begin
# This allows you to limit a spec run to individual examples or groups
# you care about by tagging them with `:focus` metadata. When nothing
# is tagged with `:focus`, all examples get run. RSpec also provides
# aliases for `it`, `describe`, and `context` that include `:focus`
# metadata: `fit`, `fdescribe` and `fcontext`, respectively.
config.filter_run_when_matching :focus
# Allows RSpec to persist some state between runs in order to support
# the `--only-failures` and `--next-failure` CLI options. We recommend
# you configure your source control system to ignore this file.
config.example_status_persistence_file_path = "spec/examples.txt"
# Limits the available syntax to the non-monkey patched syntax that is
# recommended. For more details, see:
# - http://rspec.info/blog/2012/06/rspecs-new-expectation-syntax/
# - http://www.teaisaweso.me/blog/2013/05/27/rspecs-new-message-expectation-syntax/
# - http://rspec.info/blog/2014/05/notable-changes-in-rspec-3/#zero-monkey-patching-mode
config.disable_monkey_patching!
# Many RSpec users commonly either run the entire suite or an individual
# file, and it's useful to allow more verbose output when running an
# individual spec file.
if config.files_to_run.one?
# Use the documentation formatter for detailed output,
# unless a formatter has already been configured
# (e.g. via a command-line flag).
config.default_formatter = "doc"
end
# Print the 10 slowest examples and example groups at the
# end of the spec run, to help surface which specs are running
# particularly slow.
config.profile_examples = 10
# Run specs in random order to surface order dependencies. If you find an
# order dependency and want to debug it, you can fix the order by providing
# the seed, which is printed after each run.
# --seed 1234
config.order = :random
# Seed global randomization in this process using the `--seed` CLI option.
# Setting this allows you to use `--seed` to deterministically reproduce
# test failures related to randomization by passing the same `--seed` value
# as the one that triggered the failure.
Kernel.srand config.seed
=end
end
你得到 test_helper.rb 文件而不是 spec_helper.rb 文件的原因是因为 rails 附带 Minitest 作为编写测试的默认框架，在另一方面 rails 可以使用其他测试框架 Rspec 按照您提到的方式安装它。
在这种情况下，例如 https://github.com/chrisalley/pundit-matchers 它表示这是一组用于测试 Pundit 的 RSpec 匹配器，因此在这种情况下，您需要使用 Rspec 才能使用这个匹配器。如果您想继续使用 Minitest，您可能需要寻找类似的匹配器选项，但对于 Minitest.
Rspec 或 Minispec 哪个更好取决于项目和组织的不同方面，但这两个选项都是编写测试的强大选项。
Stack Overflow中还有更多文章涉及Rspec和Minitest中的配置，例如：
How is spec/rails_helper.rb different from spec/spec_helper.rb? Do I need it?.
两者的文档还有一些工具可以将您的 Minitest 文件转换为 Rspec 文件，例如：