TypeError: can't use a string pattern on a bytes-like object in re.findall()

TypeError: can't use a string pattern on a bytes-like object in re.findall()

我正在尝试学习如何从页面自动获取 URL。在下面的代码中,我试图获取网页的标题:

import urllib.request
import re

url = "http://www.google.com"
regex = r'<title>(,+?)</title>'
pattern  = re.compile(regex)

with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
   html = response.read()

title = re.findall(pattern, html)
print(title)

我收到了这个意外错误:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "path\to\file\Crawler.py", line 11, in <module>
    title = re.findall(pattern, html)
  File "C:\Python33\lib\re.py", line 201, in findall
    return _compile(pattern, flags).findall(string)
TypeError: can't use a string pattern on a bytes-like object

我做错了什么?

您想使用 .decode 将 html(类字节对象)转换为字符串,例如html = response.read().decode('utf-8')

Convert bytes to a Python String

问题是你的正则表达式是一个字符串,但是 htmlbytes:

>>> type(html)
<class 'bytes'>

由于 python 不知道这些字节是如何编码的,因此当您尝试对它们使用字符串正则表达式时会抛出异常。

您可以 decode 字节到字符串:

html = html.decode('ISO-8859-1')  # encoding may vary!
title = re.findall(pattern, html)  # no more error

或使用字节正则表达式:

regex = rb'<title>(,+?)</title>'
#        ^

在此特定上下文中,您可以从响应中获取编码 headers:

with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
    encoding = response.info().get_param('charset', 'utf8')
    html = response.read().decode(encoding)

有关详细信息,请参阅 urlopen documentation