以功能方式处理异常的更好方法

A better approach to handling exceptions in a functional way

当在Java中使用 FP 习语时,异常,尤其是检查异常,会严重中断程序逻辑流。这是一个任意示例:

String s1 = "oeu", s2 = "2";
Stream.of(s1, s2).forEach(s -> 
    System.out.println(Optional.of(s).map(Integer::parseInt).get()));

以上代码在出现无法解析的字符串异常时中断。但是说我只想用默认值替换它,就像我可以用 Optional:

Stream.of(s1, s2).forEach(s -> 
   System.out.println(Optional.of(s)
                              .map(Integer::parseInt)
                              .orElse(-1)));

当然,这还是失败了,因为Optional只处理了nulls。我想要如下内容:

Stream.of(s1, s2).forEach(s ->
    System.out.println(
        Exceptional.of(s)
                   .map(Integer::parseInt)
                   .handle(NumberFormatException.class, swallow())
                   .orElse(-1)));

注意:这是一个自我回答的问题。

下面显示的是 Exceptional class 的完整代码。它有一个相当大的 API,它是 Optional API 的纯粹扩展,因此它可以在任何现有代码中直接替代它——除了它不是最后的子类型 Optional class。 class 可以看作与 Try monad 的关系与 OptionalMaybe monad 的关系相同:它从中汲取灵感,但适应了Java 习语(例如实际抛出异常,即使是来自非终端操作)。

这些是 class:

遵循的一些关键准则
  • 与单子方法相反,不忽略Java的异常机制;

  • 反而缓解了异常和高阶函数之间的阻抗失配;

  • 异常处理不是静态类型安全的(由于偷偷摸摸地抛出),但在运行时总是安全的(除非明确请求,否则永远不会吞下异常)。

class 试图涵盖处理异常的所有典型方法:

  • recover 带有一些提供替代值的处理代码;
  • flatRecover 类似于 flatMap,允许 return 一个新的 Exceptional 实例,该实例将被解包并适当更新当前实例的状态;
  • propagate 异常,从 Exceptional 表达式中抛出它并使 propagate 调用声明此异常类型;
  • propagate 包装成另一个异常后 (translate 它);
  • handle 它,导致空 Exceptional;
  • 作为处理的特殊情况,swallow 它带有一个空的处理程序块。

propagate 方法允许人们有选择地选择他想从他的代码中公开哪些已检查的异常。在调用终端操作时仍未处理的异常(如 get)将 偷偷地 抛出而不声明。这通常被认为是一种高级且危险的方法,但仍然经常被用作一种方法,以在某种程度上减轻已检查异常与未声明它们的 lambda 形状相结合的滋扰。 Exceptional class 希望提供一种更干净、更具选择性的替代方案,以替代偷偷摸摸的投掷。


/*
 * Copyright (c) 2015, Marko Topolnik. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.Supplier;

public final class Exceptional<T>
{
  private final T value;
  private final Throwable exception;

  private Exceptional(T value, Throwable exc) {
    this.value = value;
    this.exception = exc;
  }

  public static <T> Exceptional<T> empty() {
    return new Exceptional<>(null, null);
  }

  public static <T> Exceptional<T> ofNullable(T value) {
    return value != null ? of(value) : empty();
  }

  public static <T> Exceptional<T> of(T value) {
    return new Exceptional<>(Objects.requireNonNull(value), null);
  }

  public static <T> Exceptional<T> ofNullableException(Throwable exception) {
    return exception != null? new Exceptional<>(null, exception) : empty();
  }

  public static <T> Exceptional<T> ofException(Throwable exception) {
    return new Exceptional<>(null, Objects.requireNonNull(exception));
  }

  public static <T> Exceptional<T> from(TrySupplier<T> supplier) {
    try {
      return ofNullable(supplier.tryGet());
    } catch (Throwable t) {
      return new Exceptional<>(null, t);
    }
  }

  public static Exceptional<Void> fromVoid(TryRunnable task) {
    try {
      task.run();
      return new Exceptional<>(null, null);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
      return new Exceptional<>(null, t);
    }
  }

  public static <E extends Throwable> Consumer<? super E> swallow() {
    return e -> {};
  }

  public T get() {
    if (value != null) return value;
    if (exception != null) sneakyThrow(exception);
    throw new NoSuchElementException("No value present");
  }

  public T orElse(T other) {
    if (value != null) return value;
    if (exception != null) sneakyThrow(exception);
    return other;
  }

  public T orElseGet(Supplier<? extends T> other) {
    if (value != null) return value;
    if (exception != null) sneakyThrow(exception);
    return other.get();
  }

  public Stream<T> stream() { 
      return value == null ? Stream.empty() : Stream.of(value); 
  }

  public<U> Exceptional<U> map(Function<? super T, ? extends U> mapper) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    if (value == null) return new Exceptional<>(null, exception);
    final U u;
    try {
      u = mapper.apply(value);
    } catch (Throwable exc) {
      return new Exceptional<>(null, exc);
    }
    return ofNullable(u);
  }

  public<U> Exceptional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T, Exceptional<U>> mapper) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    return value != null ? Objects.requireNonNull(mapper.apply(value)) : empty();
  }

  public Exceptional<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(predicate);
    if (value == null) return this;
    final boolean b;
    try {
      b = predicate.test(value);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
      return ofException(t);
    }
    return b ? this : empty();
  }

  public <X extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> recover(
      Class<? extends X> excType, Function<? super X, T> mapper)
  {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    return excType.isInstance(exception) ? ofNullable(mapper.apply(excType.cast(exception))) : this;
  }

  public <X extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> recover(
      Iterable<Class<? extends X>> excTypes, Function<? super X, T> mapper)
  {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    for (Class<? extends X> excType : excTypes)
      if (excType.isInstance(exception))
        return ofNullable(mapper.apply(excType.cast(exception)));
    return this;
  }

  public <X extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> flatRecover(
      Class<? extends X> excType, Function<? super X, Exceptional<T>> mapper)
  {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    return excType.isInstance(exception) ? Objects.requireNonNull(mapper.apply(excType.cast(exception))) : this;
  }

  public <X extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> flatRecover(
      Iterable<Class<? extends X>> excTypes, Function<? super X, Exceptional<T>> mapper)
  {
    Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);
    for (Class<? extends X> c : excTypes)
      if (c.isInstance(exception))
        return Objects.requireNonNull(mapper.apply(c.cast(exception)));
    return this;
  }

  public <E extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> propagate(Class<E> excType) throws E {
    if (excType.isInstance(exception))
      throw excType.cast(exception);
    return this;
  }

  public <E extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> propagate(Iterable<Class<? extends E>> excTypes) throws E {
    for (Class<? extends E> excType : excTypes)
      if (excType.isInstance(exception))
        throw excType.cast(exception);
    return this;
  }

  public <E extends Throwable, F extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> propagate(
      Class<E> excType, Function<? super E, ? extends F> translator)
  throws F
  {
    if (excType.isInstance(exception))
      throw translator.apply(excType.cast(exception));
    return this;
  }

  public <E extends Throwable, F extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> propagate(
      Iterable<Class<E>> excTypes, Function<? super E, ? extends F> translator)
  throws F
  {
    for (Class<? extends E> excType : excTypes)
      if (excType.isInstance(exception))
        throw translator.apply(excType.cast(exception));
    return this;
  }

  public <E extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> handle(Class<E> excType, Consumer<? super E> action) {
    if (excType.isInstance(exception)) {
      action.accept(excType.cast(exception));
      return empty();
    }
    return this;
  }

  public <E extends Throwable> Exceptional<T> handle(Iterable<Class<E>> excTypes, Consumer<? super E> action) {
    for (Class<? extends E> excType : excTypes)
      if (excType.isInstance(exception)) {
        action.accept(excType.cast(exception));
        return empty();
      }
    return this;
  }

  public <X extends Throwable> T orElseThrow(Supplier<? extends X> exceptionSupplier) throws X {
    if (value != null) return value;
    if (exception != null) sneakyThrow(exception);
    throw exceptionSupplier.get();
  }

  public boolean isPresent() {
    return value != null;
  }

  public void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) {
    if (value != null)
      consumer.accept(value);
    if (exception != null) sneakyThrow(exception);
  }

  public boolean isException() {
    return exception != null;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
    if (this == obj) return true;
    return obj instanceof Exceptional && Objects.equals(value, ((Exceptional)obj).value);
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    return Objects.hashCode(value);
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private static <T extends Throwable> void sneakyThrow(Throwable t) throws T {
    throw (T) t;
  }
}

@FunctionalInterface
public interface TrySupplier<T> {
  T tryGet() throws Throwable;
}

@FunctionalInterface
public interface TryRunnable {
  void run() throws Throwable;
}

如果允许 java.util.function 提供的每个功能接口都抛出异常会怎么样?

public interface ThrowingSupplier<R, X extends Throwable> {
    public R get() throws X;
}

我们可以使用一些默认方法来提供您想要的行为。

  • 您可以回退到一些默认值或操作
  • 您可以尝试执行另一个可能引发异常的操作

written a library which redefines most of the interfaces in java.util.function this way. I even provide a ThrowingStream 让您可以像使用常规 Stream 一样使用这些新界面 API。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface ThrowingSupplier<R, X extends Throwable> {
    public R get() throws X;

    default public Supplier<R> fallbackTo(Supplier<? extends R> supplier) {
        ThrowingSupplier<R, Nothing> t = supplier::get;
        return orTry(t)::get;
    }

    default public <Y extends Throwable> ThrowingSupplier<R, Y> orTry(
            ThrowingSupplier<? extends R, ? extends Y> supplier) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(supplier, "supplier");
        return () -> {
            try {
                return get();
            } catch (Throwable x) {
                try {
                    return supplier.get();
                } catch (Throwable y) {
                    y.addSuppressed(x);
                    throw y;
                }
            }
        };
    }
}

Nothing 是一个 RuntimeException 永远不会被抛出。)


你原来的例子会变成

ThrowingFunction<String, Integer, NumberFormatException> parse = Integer::parseInt;
Function<String, Optional<Integer>> safeParse = parse.fallbackTo(s -> null)
    .andThen(Optional::ofNullable);
Stream.of(s1, s2)
    .map(safeParse)
    .map(i -> i.orElse(-1))
    .forEach(System.out::println);

有一个名为 better-java-monads. It has the Try monad 的第三方库提供了必要的功能。它还具有 TryMapFunctionTrySupplier 功能接口,以使用带有检查异常的 Try monad。

这是我之前关于这个话题的一些discussions

我做了一个接口Result<T> along the reasonings. A Result<T> is either a success with a value of type T, or a failure with an Exception. It's a subtype of Async<T>,作为一个立即完成的异步动作,但这在这里并不重要。

创建结果-

Result.success( value )
Result.failure( exception )
Result.call( callable )

结果可以通过多种方式进行转换 - transform, map, then, peek, catch_, finally_ 等。例如

Async<Integer> rInt = Result.success( s )
      .map( Integer::parseInt )
      .peek( System.out::println )
      .catch_( NumberFormatException.class, ex->42 ) // default
      .catch_( Exception.class, ex-> { ex.printStacktrace(); throw ex; } )
      .finally_( ()->{...} )

不幸的是 API 专注于异步,所以一些方法 return 异步。其中一些可以被 Result 覆盖为 return Result;但有些不能,例如then()(这是平面图)。但是,如果有兴趣,可以很容易地提取与异步无关的独立结果 API。