在 python 中实现多个构造函数的最佳实践

Best practice to implement multiple constructors in python

我很确定这个问题已经被问过很多次了,但我仍然不确定如何在 Python 中实现多个构造函数。我知道在 python 中,我只能有一个构造函数,这与 java 或 C# 或 C++ 不同。我对它还是很陌生。长话短说,我需要实现一个线对象。该线将由函数 y = ax + b 表示。因此,我唯一需要存储在行中的是 a、b 和一个布尔值,用于行是垂直的特殊情况(a = 无穷大)。在这种情况下,a 将存储该行的 x 位置。要创建一条线,我有 3 种方法。 1是直接把a,b和boolean放进去。 2是以元组的形式放入2个点。 3是放入一个点和一个向量。到目前为止我的代码:

class line:
    def __init__(self, a, b, noSlope):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.noSlope = noSlope

    def lineFromPoints(point1, point2):
        deltaX = point2[0] - point1[0]
        deltaY = point2[1] - point1[1]
        if deltaX == 0:
            return line(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = deltaY / deltaX
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return line(a, b, False)

    def lineFromVector(vector, point):
        if vector[0] == 0:
            return line(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = vector[1] / vector[0]
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return line(a, b, False)

不确定是否有更好的方法

您可以使用默认值 None:

创建一个包含所有必需参数的构造函数
class line:
    def __init__(self, a = None, b = None, noSlope = None, point1 = None, point2 = None, vector = None, point = None):
        pass

然后您将检查在构造函数中传递了哪些参数并根据这些参数创建行。

更新:

使用 @classmethod.

@classmethod, as suggested by Jim. Raymond Hettinger did a talk on Python's class development toolkit at Pycon 2013, where he talked about multiple constructors 实现多个构造函数的更 pythonic 方式
class Line:
    def __init__(self, a, b, noSlope):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.noSlope = noSlope

    @classmethod
    def fromPoints(cls, point1, point2):
        deltaX = point2[0] - point1[0]
        deltaY = point2[1] - point1[1]
        if deltaX == 0:
            return cls(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = deltaY / deltaX
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return cls(a, b, False)

    @classmethod
    def fromVector(cls, vector, point):
        if vector[0] == 0:
            return cls(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = vector[1] / vector[0]
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return cls(a, b, False)


line = Line.fromPoints((0,0), (1,1))

类似于self@classmethod函数的cls参数作为调用class隐式传递(在上面的示例中,它是Line).这用于使用额外的构造函数来容纳未来的 subclasses;它通过硬编码基础 class 代替 cls.

来消除意外绕过子 class 的构造函数实现的潜在错误

原创 POST:

如果你想强制使用你的构造函数,你可以让它们 static methods,并让它们 return 成为你的 class.

的一个实例
class line:
    def __init__(self, a, b, noSlope):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.noSlope = noSlope

    @staticmethod
    def lineFromPoints(point1, point2):
        deltaX = point2[0] - point1[0]
        deltaY = point2[1] - point1[1]
        if deltaX == 0:
            return line(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = deltaY / deltaX
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return line(a, b, False)

    @staticmethod
    def lineFromVector(vector, point):
        if vector[0] == 0:
            return line(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = vector[1] / vector[0]
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return line(a, b, False)

# Create instance of class
myLine = line.lineFromPoints((0,0), (1,1))

编辑:
如果你想强制使用你的构造函数而不是使用 Line.__init__,你可以使用以下工厂来隐藏 Line class:

的直接实例化
class LineFactory:
    class Line:
        def __init__(self, a, b, noSlope):
            self.a = a
            self.b = b
            self.noSlope = noSlope

    @staticmethod
    def fromPoints(point1, point2):
        deltaX = point2[0] - point1[0]
        deltaY = point2[1] - point1[1]
        if deltaX == 0:
            return LineFactory.Line(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = deltaY / deltaX
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return LineFactory.Line(a, b, False)

    @staticmethod
    def fromVector(vector, point):
        if vector[0] == 0:
            return LineFactory.Line(point1[0], 0, True)
        else:
            a = vector[1] / vector[0]
            b = point1[1] - a * point1[0]
            return LineFactory.Line(a, b, False)

# Create line    
line = LineFactory.fromPoints((0,0), (1,1))

您可以使用 Pyhton 的枚举来声明初始化方法,如下所示:

from enum import Enum

class Line:

    class InitTypes(Enum):
        coefs, point_vector, point_point, vertical = range(4)


    def __init__(self, a, b, method):
        self.noSlope = False
        if method == Line.InitTypes.coefs:
            self.a = a
            self.b = b
        elif method == Line.InitTypes.point_vector:
            # Do math
            pass
        elif method == Line.InitTypes.point_point:
            # Do math
            pass
        elif method == Line.InitTypes.vertical:
            self.noSlope = True
            self.a = a
            self.b = b
        else:
            assert(False)

然后,创建一行如下:

x = Line((0,1), (3,4), Line.InitTypes.point_point)