参数化查询

Paramterized Queries

我是 Visual C# 新手,我对如何编写参数化查询感到困惑。这是没有它们的我的代码,

using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace Insert_Data
{
    public partial class Form1 : Form
    {
        private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection("Data Source=ZTABASSUM\SQLEXPRESS01;Initial Catalog=IntroDataBase;Integrated Security=True");
            con.Open();
            SqlCommand sc = new SqlCommand("Insert into employee values ('"+ textBox1.Text +"' , " + textBox2.Text + ", '" + textBox3.Text + "',  " + textBox4.Text + ", " + textBox5.Text + ");", con);
            int o = sc.ExecuteNonQuery();
            MessageBox.Show(o + ":Record has been inserted");
            con.Close();
        }
    }
}

我不确定如何为每个文本框编写参数化查询。

您应该在 SQL 命令对象上使用创建参数方法

将 SQL 命令中的字符串更改为

"Insert into employee values (@Employee1,@Employee2,@Employee3,@Employee4,@Employee5);"

然后在执行查询之前添加参数:

sc.Parameters.AddRange(new[]{

    new SqlParameter("@Employee1",SqlDbType.VarChar,255){ Value= textBox1.Text},
    new SqlParameter("@Employee2",SqlDbType.VarChar,255){ Value= textBox2.Text},
    new SqlParameter("@Employee3",SqlDbType.VarChar,255){ Value= textBox3.Text},
    new SqlParameter("@Employee4",SqlDbType.VarChar,255){ Value= textBox4.Text},
    new SqlParameter("@Employee5",SqlDbType.VarChar,255){ Value= textBox5.Text}

});

注意: 这是假设您的 SQL 变量的类型为 VARCHAR,大小为 255,有关正在使用的方法和正在使用的 SqlParameter 构造函数的更多信息,请查看 MSDN 以获取更多文档。

如果您有数据库上下文,您可以这样做:

int rowsAffected = context.
  ExecuteStoreCommand("Insert into employee values ({0}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4})",
                       textBox1.Text, 
                       textBox2.Text,
                       textBox3.Text, 
                       textBox4.Text,
                       textBox5.Text);
MessageBox.Show(rowsAffected + ":Record has been inserted");\

cf https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee358769%28v=vs.100%29.aspx

参数化查询用于避免 sql 注入。不直接包含参数(数据)的查询称为参数化查询。通过使用它,我们可以避免 sql 注入(一种黑客攻击)。

c# 中的参数化查询示例

    string strQuery;
    SqlCommand cmd;
    strQuery = "insert into customers (CustomerID, CompanyName) values(@CustomerID, @CompanyName)";
    cmd = new SqlCommand(strQuery);
    cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@CustomerID", "A234");
    cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@CompanyName", "DCB");
String strConnString = system.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["conString"].ConnectionString;
        SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(strConnString);
        cmd.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
        cmd.Connection = con;
        try
        {
            con.Open();
            cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
            return true;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            Response.Write(ex.Message);
            return false;
        }
        finally
        {
            con.Close();
            con.Dispose();
        }

..

同样,您也可以使用 for select 查询 ..

参考这个link

请停止使用 AddWithValue,因为它会推断数据库类型(错误)并且在我看来也不是干净的代码

这里有一些简单的代码可以帮助您入门。

OracleConnection connection = GetConnection();
OracleCommand command = connection.CreateCommand();
command.CommandText = procedure;
command.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
command.Parameters.Add("INID", OracleDbType.Int32).Value = person.PersonID;
command.Parameters.Add("REFCURSOR", OracleDbType.RefCursor).Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;

不要介意是Oracle,同样的道理也适用于SQL。

我在代码中添加了注释以及 best practices 之后的回顾。

// best practice - use meaningful method names
private void buttonSaveEmployee_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    // best practice - wrap all database connections in a using block so they are always closed & disposed even in the event of an Exception
    // best practice - retrieve the connection string by name from the app.config or web.config (depending on the application type) (note, this requires an assembly reference to System.configuration)
    using(SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["MyConnectionName"].ConnectionString))
    {
        // best practice - use column names in your INSERT statement so you are not dependent on the sql schema column order
        // best practice - always use parameters to avoid sql injection attacks and errors if malformed text is used like including a single quote which is the sql equivalent of escaping or starting a string (varchar/nvarchar)
        // best practice - give your parameters meaningful names just like you do variables in your code
        SqlCommand sc = new SqlCommand("INSERT INTO employee (FirstName, LastName, DateOfBirth /*etc*/) VALUES (@firstName, @lastName, @dateOfBirth /*etc*/)", con);

        // best practice - always specify the database data type of the column you are using
        // best practice - check for valid values in your code and/or use a database constraint, if inserting NULL then use System.DbNull.Value
        sc.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@firstName", SqlDbType.VarChar, 200){Value = string.IsNullOrEmpty(textBoxFirstName.Text) ? (object) System.DBNull.Value : (object) textBoxFirstName.Text});
        sc.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@lastName", SqlDbType.VarChar, 200){Value = string.IsNullOrEmpty(textBoxLastName.Text) ? (object) System.DBNull.Value : (object) textBoxLastName.Text});

        // best practice - always use the correct types when specifying your parameters, in this case a string is converted to a DateTime type before being assigned to the SqlParameter.Value
        // note - this is not a very robust way to parse a date as the user is never notified in the event of failure, the purpose here is simply to show how to use parameters of various types
        DateTime dob;
        sc.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@dateOfBirth", SqlDbType.Date){Value = DateTime.TryParse(textBoxDateOfBirth.Text, out dob) ? (object) dob : (object) System.DBNull.Value});

        // best practice - open your connection as late as possible unless you need to verify that the database connection is valid and wont fail and the proceeding code execution takes a long time (not the case here)
        con.Open();
        int o = sc.ExecuteNonQuery();
        MessageBox.Show(o + ":Record has been inserted");

        // the end of the using block will close and dispose the SqlConnection
        // best practice - end the using block as soon as possible to release the database connection
    }
}

使用 ADO.NET

的最佳实践回顾
  • 将所有数据库连接包装在一个 using 块中,以便即使在发生异常时也始终关闭和处置它们。有关使用语句的更多信息,请参阅 using Statement (C# Reference)
  • 从 app.config 或 web.config 中按名称检索连接字符串(取决于应用程序类型)
  • 始终使用传入值的参数来
    • 避免 sql injection 攻击
    • 如果使用格式错误的文本(例如包含单引号)避免错误,这相当于 sql 转义或开始字符串 (varchar/nvarchar)
    • 让数据库提供者重用查询计划(并非所有数据库提供者都支持)以提高效率
  • 使用参数时
    • 给你的 Sql 参数有意义的名字,就像你在代码中给变量一样
    • 指定您正在使用的列的数据库数据类型,这确保不会使用可能导致意外结果的错误参数类型
    • 在将传入参数传递到命令之前验证传入参数,在垃圾输出中有一个称为垃圾的表达式。尽早在堆栈中验证传入值
    • 分配参数值时使用正确的类型,例如:不要分配 DateTime 的字符串值,而是将实际的 DateTime 实例分配给参数值
    • 不要使用方法AddWithValue, the main reason is it is very easy to forget to specify the parameter type or the precision/scale when needed. For additional information see Can we stop using AddWithValue already?
  • 使用数据库连接时
    • 尽可能晚打开连接,尽快关闭连接。这是使用任何外部资源时的一般准则
    • 永远不要共享数据库连接(例如:让单例主机共享数据库连接)。让您的代码始终在需要时创建一个新的数据库连接实例,然后让调用代码处理它并在完成时 "throw it away" 。这样做的原因是
      1. 大多数数据库提供程序都有某种连接池,因此在托管代码中这样做非常便宜
      2. 如果代码开始使用多线程,它会消除任何未来的错误