在 Python 中组合 reduce 和 map 的最简洁方法

Cleanest way to combine reduce and map in Python

我正在做一点深度学习,我想抓取所有隐藏层的值。所以我最终写了这样的函数:

def forward_pass(x, ws, bs):
    activations = []
    u = x
    for w, b in zip(ws, bs):
        u = np.maximum(0, u.dot(w)+b)
        activations.append(u)
    return activations

如果我不必获取中间值,我会使用更简洁的形式:

out = reduce(lambda u, (w, b): np.maximum(0, u.dot(w)+b), zip(ws, bs), x)

砰。全部一行,漂亮而紧凑。但是我无法保留任何中间值。

那么,有没有什么办法既能吃我的蛋糕(漂亮的紧凑型单层蛋糕)又能吃(return 中间值)?

一般来说,itertools.accumulate() will do what reduce() 可以,但也会为您提供中间值。也就是说,accumulate 不支持 start 值,因此它不适用于您的情况。

示例:

>>> import operator, functools, itertools
>>> functools.reduce(operator.mul, range(1, 11))
3628800
>>> list(itertools.accumulate(range(1, 11), operator.mul))
[1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880, 3628800]

dot 告诉我你正在使用一个或多个 numpy 数组。所以我会尝试:

In [28]: b=np.array([1,2,3])
In [29]: x=np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
In [30]: ws=[x,x,x]

In [31]: forward_pass(x,ws,bs)
Out[31]: 
[array([[ 16,  19,  22],
        [ 43,  55,  67],
        [ 70,  91, 112]]), 
 array([[ 191,  248,  305],
        [ 569,  734,  899],
        [ 947, 1220, 1493]]), 
 array([[ 2577,  3321,  4065],
        [ 7599,  9801, 12003],
        [12621, 16281, 19941]])]

在 py3 中,我必须将 reduce 解决方案编写为:

In [32]: functools.reduce(lambda u, wb: np.maximum(0,
                   u.dot(wb[0])+wb[1]), zip(ws, bs), x)
Out[32]: 
array([[ 2577,  3321,  4065],
       [ 7599,  9801, 12003],
       [12621, 16281, 19941]])

从一个评估传递到下一个评估的中间值 u 使列表理解变得棘手。

accumulate 使用第一项作为开始。我可以使用

这样的函数来解决这个问题
def foo(u, wb):
    if u[0] is None: u=x   # x from global
    return np.maximum(0, u.dot(wb[0])+wb[1])

然后我需要向 wsbs 添加额外的起始值:

In [56]: list(itertools.accumulate(zip([None,x,x,x], np.array([0,1,2,3])), foo))
Out[56]: 
[(None, 0), 
 array([[ 16,  19,  22],
        [ 43,  55,  67],
        [ 70,  91, 112]]), 
 array([[ 191,  248,  305],
        [ 569,  734,  899],
        [ 947, 1220, 1493]]), 
 array([[ 2577,  3321,  4065],
        [ 7599,  9801, 12003],
        [12621, 16281, 19941]])]

这是一个列表理解版本,使用外部 u:

In [66]: u=x.copy()
In [67]: def foo1(wb):
    ...:     v = np.maximum(0, u.dot(wb[0])+wb[1])
    ...:     u[:]=v
    ...:     return v
    ...: 
In [68]: [foo1(wb) for wb in zip(ws,bs)]
Out[68]: 
[array([[ 16,  19,  22],
        [ 43,  55,  67],
        [ 70,  91, 112]]), 
 array([[ 191,  248,  305],
        [ 569,  734,  899],
        [ 947, 1220, 1493]]), 
 array([[ 2577,  3321,  4065],
        [ 7599,  9801, 12003],
        [12621, 16281, 19941]])]

append 的原始循环相比没有真正的优势。

numpy.ufunc 有一个 accumulate 方法,但是使用自定义 Python 函数并不容易。所以有一个 np.maximum.accumulate,但我不确定在这种情况下如何使用它。 (也是 np.cumsumnp.add.accumulate)。

在Python2.x中,没有干净的单行代码。

在 Python 3 中,有 itertools.accumulate,但它仍然不是很干净,因为它不像 reduce 那样接受 "initial" 输入。

这是一个函数,虽然不如内置的理解语法那么好,但可以完成工作。

def reducemap(func, sequence, initial=None, include_zeroth = False):
    """
    A version of reduce that also returns the intermediate values.
    :param func: A function of the form x_i_plus_1 = f(x_i, params_i)
        Where:
            x_i is the value passed through the reduce.
            params_i is the i'th element of sequence
            x_i_plus_i is the value that will be passed to the next step
    :param sequence: A list of parameters to feed at each step of the reduce.
    :param initial: Optionally, an initial value (else the first element of the sequence will be taken as the initial)
    :param include_zeroth: Include the initial value in the returned list.
    :return: A list of length: len(sequence), (or len(sequence)+1 if include_zeroth is True) containing the computed result of each iteration.
    """
    if initial is None:
        val = sequence[0]
        sequence = sequence[1:]
    else:
        val = initial
    results = [val] if include_zeroth else []
    for s in sequence:
        val = func(val, s)
        results.append(val)
    return results

测试:

assert reducemap(lambda a, b: a+b, [1, 2, -4, 3, 6, -7], initial=0) == [1, 3, -1, 2, 8, 1]
assert reducemap(lambda a, b: a+b, [1, 2, -4, 3, 6, -7]) == [3, -1, 2, 8, 1]
assert reducemap(lambda a, b: a+b, [1, 2, -4, 3, 6, -7], include_zeroth=True) == [1, 3, -1, 2, 8, 1]

您实际上可以使用 result = [y for y in [initial] for x in inputs for y in [f(x, y)]] 有点奇怪的模式来做到这一点。请注意,第一个和第三个 for 并不是真正的循环,而是赋值——我们可以在理解中使用 for var in [value]value 赋值给 var。例如:

def forward_pass(x, ws, bs):
    activations = []
    u = x
    for w, b in zip(ws, bs):
        u = np.maximum(0, u.dot(w)+b)
        activations.append(u)
    return activations

相当于:

def forward_pass(x, ws, bs):
    return [u for u in [x] for w, b in zip(ws, bs) for u in [np.maximum(0, u.dot(w)+b)]]

Python 3.8+:
Python3.8引入了"walrus"运算符:=,这给了我们另一个选择:

def forward_pass(x, ws, bs):
    u = x
    return [u:=np.maximum(0, u.dot(w)+b) for w, b in zip(ws, bs)]