使用 private/protected/public 字段和方法扩展 class

Extend a class with private/protected/public fields and methods

我正在尝试找到一种在 ES6 中创建类似抽象的方法 class。到目前为止,我尝试的一切总是遇到语言的限制 and/or 其语法(也是我对原型制作的有限知识)。

基本 oop;我们声明一个 class 并扩展它。 final class 必须从它的 superclass 访问一些字段和方法,但不是全部。它还变形 public 方法...

class 声明应该是完美的封装,所以除了这段代码之外没有其他东西能够到达它(类似于命名空间的东西)。


到目前为止,我在 ES5 中的实验是错误的...非常感谢您的建议和帮助。

(function(){

    // ==================================

    function AbstractClass(params) {
        var _myParams = params;
        var _privateField = "Only AbstractClass can see me";
        this.publicField = "Everybody can see me";

        function privateFunc() {
            // Does private stuff
        }
    }
    AbstractClass.prototype.publicFunc = function() {
        // Does public stuff
        privateFunc(); // Works?
    }

    // ==================================

    function FinalClass(params) {
        // How to pass the params to the superclass?
    }
    FinalClass.prototype.publicFunc = function() {
        // Override and calls the superclass.publicFunc()?
        // How can I touch _privateField ? publicField ?
    }
    FinalClass.prototype = Object.create(AbstractClass.prototype);

    // ==================================

    var foo = new FinalClass("hello world!");
    foo.publicFunc();
})();

你能告诉我这段代码有什么问题以及如何解决吗?
奖励问题:如何在 ES6 中正确执行此操作?
三重福利:受保护的领域和方法呢?

谢谢。

这实际上是一个很好的问题,我会尽量给你一个有见地的答案...

正如我已经在 Stack Overflow 的某个地方解释过的那样,JavaScript 并不是真正基于 class 的语言。它基于 原型 。这是一个完全不同的编程范例,您应该考虑到这一点。所以当你用 Vanilla JS 写东西时,忘记(只是一点点)你对 Java 或 C++ 的了解通常是个好主意。

但是,JavaScript 是一种非常灵活的语言,您可以随心所欲地进行编程。在我看来,Java脚本编程有两种主要风格:惯用风格和classic风格。

  • 惯用风格大量使用对象字面量、鸭子类型、工厂函数和组合。
  • classic 风格试图模仿基于 class 的语言的行为,并为 classes 和 IIFE(立即调用的函数表达式)构造函数以进行封装。强调继承和多态。

你要的是摘要class。抽象 class 是无法实例化的 class,仅用作派生 classes 的模型。如果你关心严格封装,这就是你如何在 ES5 中实现它:

// ==============================
// ABSTRACT "CLASS"
// ==============================

var OS = (function (n) {
  // Here "name" is private because it is encapsulated in the IIFE
  var name = "";

  // Constructor
  function OS (n) {
    // If "OS" is called with "new", throw an error
    if (this.constructor === OS) {
      throw new Error('You cannot instantiate an abstract class!');
    }
    name = n;
  }

  // We cannot call this method directly (except with "call" or "apply") because we cannot have direct instances of "OS"
  OS.prototype.boot = function () {
    return name + ' is booting...';
  };

  // This is an abstract method. It will be in the prototype of derived objects but should be overriden to work
  OS.prototype.shutdown = function () {
    throw new Error('You cannot call an abstract method!');
  };

  // Getter for "name"
  OS.prototype.getName = function () {
    return name;
  };

  // The constructor must be returned to be public
  return OS;
})();

// ==============================
// CONCRETE "CLASS"
// ==============================

var LinuxDistro = (function (name) {
  // Constructor
  function LinuxDistro(name) {
    // Here we call the constructor of "OS" without "new", so there will not be any error
    OS.call(this, name);
  }
  // Here "Linux Distro" inherits from "OS"
  LinuxDistro.prototype = Object.create(OS.prototype);
  LinuxDistro.prototype.constructor = LinuxDistro;

  // Private function/method
  function textTransform(str, style) {
    return style === 'lowercase' ? str.toLowerCase() : str.toUpperCase();
  }

  // The parent method is used and overriden
  LinuxDistro.prototype.boot = function () {
    return OS.prototype.boot.call(this) + ' Welcome to ' + textTransform(this.getName());
  };

  // The abstract method is implemented
  LinuxDistro.prototype.shutdown = function () {
    return 'Shutting down... See you soon on ' + textTransform(this.getName());
  };
  
  // The constructor must be returned to be public
  return LinuxDistro;
})();

// ==============================
// CLIENT CODE
// ==============================

var arch = new LinuxDistro('Arch Linux');

console.log(arch.getName());
console.log(arch.boot());
console.log(arch.shutdown());

现在你想用 ES6 做同样的事情。好的一点是 ES6 提供了很好的语法糖来与 classes 一起工作。同样,如果你关心严格封装,你可以有以下实现:

// ==============================
// ABSTRACT "CLASS"
// ==============================

const OS = (n => {
  // Here "name" is private because it is encapsulated in the IIFE
  let name = "";

  class OS {
    constructor(n) {
      // If "OS" is called with "new", throw an error
      if (new.target === OS) {
        throw new Error('You cannot instantiate an abstract class!');
      }
      name = n;
    }

    // We cannot call this method directly (except with "call" or "apply") because we cannot have direct instances of "OS"
    boot() {
      return `${name} is booting...`;
    }

    // This is an abstract method. It will be in the prototype of derived objects but should be overriden to work
    shutdown() {
      throw new Error('You cannot call an abstract method!');
    }

    // Getter for "name"
    get name() {
      return name;
    }
  }

  // The class must be returned to be public
  return OS;
})();

// ==============================
// CONCRETE "CLASS"
// ==============================

const LinuxDistro = (name => {

  // Private function/method
  function textTransform(str, style) {
    return style === 'lowercase' ? str.toLowerCase() : str.toUpperCase();
  }
  
  class LinuxDistro extends OS {
    constructor(name) {
      // Here we call the constructor of "OS" without "new", so there will not be any error
      super(name);
    }

    // The parent method is used and overriden
    boot() {
      return `${super.boot()} Welcome to ${textTransform(this.name)}`;
    }

    // The abstract method is implemented
    shutdown() {
      return `Shutting down... See you soon on ${textTransform(this.name)}`;
    }
  }
  
  // The class must be returned to be public
  return LinuxDistro;
})();

// ==============================
// CLIENT CODE
// ==============================

const arch = new LinuxDistro('Arch Linux');

console.log(arch.name); // This is not a direct access to "name". The getter is used...
console.log(arch.boot());
console.log(arch.shutdown());

当然,这些片段并不完美,可能看起来有点吓人。但我认为这是我们能做的最好的,因为 JavaScript.

的原型性质

正如您可能看到的,class 成员要么是私有的(由于 IIFE 和闭包),要么是 public(由于对象的创建方式,具有自己的属性和原型链)。如果你真的想要受保护的成员,这是另一回事...

当您为 Java 脚本代码考虑 OOP 模型时,我建议您使用 TypeScript。这比上面提供的代码更方便、可读和可维护。

最后,如果您想进一步了解如何在 JavaScript 中实现所有传统的 OOP 设计模式(尤其是 GoF 模式),我邀请您看一下我的一个项目GitHub: PatternifyJS