Android 检测单元测试中的上下文和资源
Context and Resource in Android Instrumented Unit Tests
我正在设计一个系统，其中包含一些不那么简单的 classes，需要 Context 对象才能对其进行初始化。这些 classes 使用第三方 classes 也需要上下文初始化。此 class 还利用上下文加载功能所需的大量字符串资源。
为这些 classes 编写 Instrumented Unit 测试时会出现问题。当我尝试使用 InstrumentationRegistry.getContext() 获取用于测试的上下文对象时，我 运行 出现异常，上下文无法找到与class (android.content.res.Resources$NotFoundException).
我的问题是：我如何设计这些测试，以便上下文可以检索我需要的字符串资源，并充当第三方 classes 的合适的上下文对象？我只能做这么多模拟，因为其中一些 classes 处理 auth 令牌，这很难模拟。在 Android 域中，我不可能是唯一一个 运行 关注此问题的人，所以我确信对于这个可能常见的问题有一个通用的解决方案。
编辑：
正如建议的那样，我尝试在我的项目中集成 Robolectric（版本 3.3.2），但是当我尝试 运行 我的单元测试时，我遇到了以下错误：
Error:Error converting bytecode to dex:
Cause: Dex cannot parse version 52 byte code.
This is caused by library dependencies that have been compiled using Java 8 or above.
If you are using the 'java' gradle plugin in a library submodule add
targetCompatibility = '1.7'
sourceCompatibility = '1.7'
to that submodule's build.gradle file.
我尝试将 targetCompatibility 和 sourceCompatibility 行添加到我的 gradle 文件（在多个位置），但无济于事。
这是我的手机build.gradle：
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'checkstyle'
apply plugin: 'io.fabric'
project.ext {
supportLibVersion = '25.3.0'
multiDexSupportVersion = '1.0.1'
gsonVersion = '2.8.0'
retrofitVersion = '2.2.0'
daggerVersion = '2.4'
butterKnifeVersion = '8.5.1'
eventBusVersion = '3.0.0'
awsCoreServicesVersion = '2.2.+'
twitterKitVersion = '2.3.2@aar'
facebookVersion = '4.+'
crashlyticsVersion = '2.6.7@aar'
autoValueVersion = '1.2'
autoValueParcelVersion = '0.2.5'
autoValueGsonVersion = '0.4.4'
permissionDispatcher = '2.2.0'
testRunnerVersion = '0.5'
espressoVersion = '2.2.2'
junitVersion = '4.12'
roboelectricVersion = '3.3.2'
}
def gitSha = exec('git rev-parse --short HEAD', "unknown");
def gitCommitCount = 100 + Integer.parseInt(exec('git rev-list --count HEAD', "-1"))
def gitTag = exec('git describe --tags', stringify(gitCommitCount))
def gitTimestamp = exec('git log -n 1 --format=%at', -1)
def appId = "com.example.myapp"
def isCi = "true".equals(System.getenv("CI"))
// Uncomment if you wish to enable Jack & Java8
// apply from: 'jack.gradle'
// Uncomment if you wish to enable Sonar
//apply from: 'sonar.gradle'
android {
compileSdkVersion 25
buildToolsVersion "25.0.2"
defaultConfig {
applicationId appId
minSdkVersion 16
targetSdkVersion 25
multiDexEnabled = true
versionCode gitCommitCount
versionName gitTag
testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
buildConfigField 'String', 'GIT_SHA', "\"${gitSha}\""
buildConfigField 'long', 'GIT_TIMESTAMP', "${gitTimestamp}L"
}
buildTypes {
debug {
applicationIdSuffix '.debug'
}
release {
minifyEnabled true
proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
}
qa.initWith(buildTypes.release)
qa {
applicationIdSuffix '.qa'
debuggable true
}
}
lintOptions {
abortOnError false
}
applicationVariants.all { variant ->
def strictMode = !variant.name.equals("release")
buildConfigField 'boolean', 'STRICT_MODE_ENABLED', "${strictMode}"
}
}
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy {
force "com.android.support:support-annotations:$supportLibVersion"
force "com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.4.1"
force "com.squareup:okio:1.9.0"
force "com.google.guava:guava:19.0"
}
}
dependencies {
compile "com.android.support:appcompat-v7:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:design:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:cardview-v7:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:multidex:$multiDexSupportVersion"
compile "com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:$retrofitVersion"
compile "com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:$retrofitVersion"
compile 'com.jakewharton.retrofit:retrofit2-rxjava2-adapter:1.0.0'
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:$daggerVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:$daggerVersion"
provided 'javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0'
compile 'com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:3.7.0'
compile 'com.jakewharton.timber:timber:4.3.1'
compile "com.jakewharton:butterknife:$butterKnifeVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.jakewharton:butterknife-compiler:$butterKnifeVersion"
compile "org.greenrobot:eventbus:$eventBusVersion"
annotationProcessor "org.greenrobot:eventbus:$eventBusVersion"
compile 'io.reactivex.rxjava2:rxandroid:2.0.0'
debugCompile 'com.squareup.okhttp3:logging-interceptor:3.4.2'
compile "com.google.auto.value:auto-value:$autoValueVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.google.auto.value:auto-value:$autoValueVersion"
compile "com.ryanharter.auto.value:auto-value-parcel-adapter:$autoValueParcelVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.ryanharter.auto.value:auto-value-parcel:$autoValueParcelVersion"
compile "com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher:$permissionDispatcher"
annotationProcessor "com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher-processor:$permissionDispatcher"
compile("com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:$crashlyticsVersion") {
transitive = true;
}
compile("com.twitter.sdk.android:twitter:$twitterKitVersion") {
transitive = true
}
compile "com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:$facebookVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-apigateway-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-apigateway-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognito:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognito:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognitoidentityprovider:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognitoidentityprovider:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-lambda:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-lambda:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-sns:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-sns:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
androidTestCompile "junit:junit:$junitVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test:runner:$testRunnerVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test:rules:$testRunnerVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-intents:$espressoVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:$espressoVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit-mock:$retrofitVersion"
androidTestCompile "org.robolectric:robolectric:$roboelectricVersion"
testCompile "junit:junit:$junitVersion"
testCompile 'com.google.truth:truth:0.30'
testCompile 'org.hamcrest:hamcrest-all:1.3'
testCompile "org.robolectric:robolectric:$roboelectricVersion"
}
task checkCodingStyle(type: Checkstyle) {
description 'Runs Checkstyle inspection against Android sourcesets.'
group = 'Code Quality'
ignoreFailures = false
showViolations = false
source 'src'
include '**/*.java'
exclude '**/gen/**'
exclude '**/R.java'
exclude '**/BuildConfig.java'
reports {
xml.destination "$project.buildDir/reports/checkstyle/report.xml"
}
classpath = files()
configFile = file("${rootProject.rootDir}/config/checkstyle/checkstyle.xml")
}
def stringify(int versionCode) {
def builder = new StringBuilder();
def dot = ""
String.format("%03d", versionCode).toCharArray().each {
builder.append(dot)
builder.append(it)
dot = "."
}
return builder.toString()
}
def exec(String command, Object fallback = null) {
def cmd = command.execute([], project.rootDir)
cmd.waitFor()
if (cmd.exitValue() != 0) {
if (fallback == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("'$command' failed: $cmd.errorStream.text")
} else {
return fallback
}
}
return cmd.text.trim()
}
if (isCi) {
build.finalizedBy(checkCodingStyle)
}
接受的答案不是实际的解决方案。在很多情况下，您想要测试与真实 Android 框架的交互。 Robolectric，与任何其他存根一样，可能会隐藏一些实际问题。
您的问题是您使用的 InstrumentationRegistry.getContext() 与您的应用使用的不同。根据文档：
Return the Context of this instrumentation's package.
你应该使用 InstrumentationRegistry.getTargetContext() 来代替：
Return a Context for the target application being instrumented.
因为与第一个相反，它可以访问您的资源。
我正在设计一个系统，其中包含一些不那么简单的 classes，需要 Context 对象才能对其进行初始化。这些 classes 使用第三方 classes 也需要上下文初始化。此 class 还利用上下文加载功能所需的大量字符串资源。
为这些 classes 编写 Instrumented Unit 测试时会出现问题。当我尝试使用 InstrumentationRegistry.getContext() 获取用于测试的上下文对象时，我 运行 出现异常，上下文无法找到与class (android.content.res.Resources$NotFoundException).
我的问题是：我如何设计这些测试，以便上下文可以检索我需要的字符串资源，并充当第三方 classes 的合适的上下文对象？我只能做这么多模拟，因为其中一些 classes 处理 auth 令牌，这很难模拟。在 Android 域中，我不可能是唯一一个 运行 关注此问题的人，所以我确信对于这个可能常见的问题有一个通用的解决方案。
编辑： 正如建议的那样，我尝试在我的项目中集成 Robolectric（版本 3.3.2），但是当我尝试 运行 我的单元测试时，我遇到了以下错误：
Error:Error converting bytecode to dex:
Cause: Dex cannot parse version 52 byte code.
This is caused by library dependencies that have been compiled using Java 8 or above.
If you are using the 'java' gradle plugin in a library submodule add
targetCompatibility = '1.7'
sourceCompatibility = '1.7'
to that submodule's build.gradle file.
我尝试将 targetCompatibility 和 sourceCompatibility 行添加到我的 gradle 文件（在多个位置），但无济于事。
这是我的手机build.gradle：
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'checkstyle'
apply plugin: 'io.fabric'
project.ext {
supportLibVersion = '25.3.0'
multiDexSupportVersion = '1.0.1'
gsonVersion = '2.8.0'
retrofitVersion = '2.2.0'
daggerVersion = '2.4'
butterKnifeVersion = '8.5.1'
eventBusVersion = '3.0.0'
awsCoreServicesVersion = '2.2.+'
twitterKitVersion = '2.3.2@aar'
facebookVersion = '4.+'
crashlyticsVersion = '2.6.7@aar'
autoValueVersion = '1.2'
autoValueParcelVersion = '0.2.5'
autoValueGsonVersion = '0.4.4'
permissionDispatcher = '2.2.0'
testRunnerVersion = '0.5'
espressoVersion = '2.2.2'
junitVersion = '4.12'
roboelectricVersion = '3.3.2'
}
def gitSha = exec('git rev-parse --short HEAD', "unknown");
def gitCommitCount = 100 + Integer.parseInt(exec('git rev-list --count HEAD', "-1"))
def gitTag = exec('git describe --tags', stringify(gitCommitCount))
def gitTimestamp = exec('git log -n 1 --format=%at', -1)
def appId = "com.example.myapp"
def isCi = "true".equals(System.getenv("CI"))
// Uncomment if you wish to enable Jack & Java8
// apply from: 'jack.gradle'
// Uncomment if you wish to enable Sonar
//apply from: 'sonar.gradle'
android {
compileSdkVersion 25
buildToolsVersion "25.0.2"
defaultConfig {
applicationId appId
minSdkVersion 16
targetSdkVersion 25
multiDexEnabled = true
versionCode gitCommitCount
versionName gitTag
testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
buildConfigField 'String', 'GIT_SHA', "\"${gitSha}\""
buildConfigField 'long', 'GIT_TIMESTAMP', "${gitTimestamp}L"
}
buildTypes {
debug {
applicationIdSuffix '.debug'
}
release {
minifyEnabled true
proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
}
qa.initWith(buildTypes.release)
qa {
applicationIdSuffix '.qa'
debuggable true
}
}
lintOptions {
abortOnError false
}
applicationVariants.all { variant ->
def strictMode = !variant.name.equals("release")
buildConfigField 'boolean', 'STRICT_MODE_ENABLED', "${strictMode}"
}
}
configurations.all {
resolutionStrategy {
force "com.android.support:support-annotations:$supportLibVersion"
force "com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.4.1"
force "com.squareup:okio:1.9.0"
force "com.google.guava:guava:19.0"
}
}
dependencies {
compile "com.android.support:appcompat-v7:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:design:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:cardview-v7:$supportLibVersion"
compile "com.android.support:multidex:$multiDexSupportVersion"
compile "com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:$retrofitVersion"
compile "com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:$retrofitVersion"
compile 'com.jakewharton.retrofit:retrofit2-rxjava2-adapter:1.0.0'
compile "com.google.dagger:dagger:$daggerVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:$daggerVersion"
provided 'javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0'
compile 'com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:3.7.0'
compile 'com.jakewharton.timber:timber:4.3.1'
compile "com.jakewharton:butterknife:$butterKnifeVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.jakewharton:butterknife-compiler:$butterKnifeVersion"
compile "org.greenrobot:eventbus:$eventBusVersion"
annotationProcessor "org.greenrobot:eventbus:$eventBusVersion"
compile 'io.reactivex.rxjava2:rxandroid:2.0.0'
debugCompile 'com.squareup.okhttp3:logging-interceptor:3.4.2'
compile "com.google.auto.value:auto-value:$autoValueVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.google.auto.value:auto-value:$autoValueVersion"
compile "com.ryanharter.auto.value:auto-value-parcel-adapter:$autoValueParcelVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.ryanharter.auto.value:auto-value-parcel:$autoValueParcelVersion"
compile "com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher:$permissionDispatcher"
annotationProcessor "com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher-processor:$permissionDispatcher"
compile("com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:$crashlyticsVersion") {
transitive = true;
}
compile("com.twitter.sdk.android:twitter:$twitterKitVersion") {
transitive = true
}
compile "com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:$facebookVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-apigateway-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-apigateway-core:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognito:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognito:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognitoidentityprovider:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-cognitoidentityprovider:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-lambda:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-lambda:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
compile "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-sns:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
annotationProcessor "com.amazonaws:aws-android-sdk-sns:$awsCoreServicesVersion"
androidTestCompile "junit:junit:$junitVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test:runner:$testRunnerVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test:rules:$testRunnerVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-intents:$espressoVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:$espressoVersion"
androidTestCompile "com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit-mock:$retrofitVersion"
androidTestCompile "org.robolectric:robolectric:$roboelectricVersion"
testCompile "junit:junit:$junitVersion"
testCompile 'com.google.truth:truth:0.30'
testCompile 'org.hamcrest:hamcrest-all:1.3'
testCompile "org.robolectric:robolectric:$roboelectricVersion"
}
task checkCodingStyle(type: Checkstyle) {
description 'Runs Checkstyle inspection against Android sourcesets.'
group = 'Code Quality'
ignoreFailures = false
showViolations = false
source 'src'
include '**/*.java'
exclude '**/gen/**'
exclude '**/R.java'
exclude '**/BuildConfig.java'
reports {
xml.destination "$project.buildDir/reports/checkstyle/report.xml"
}
classpath = files()
configFile = file("${rootProject.rootDir}/config/checkstyle/checkstyle.xml")
}
def stringify(int versionCode) {
def builder = new StringBuilder();
def dot = ""
String.format("%03d", versionCode).toCharArray().each {
builder.append(dot)
builder.append(it)
dot = "."
}
return builder.toString()
}
def exec(String command, Object fallback = null) {
def cmd = command.execute([], project.rootDir)
cmd.waitFor()
if (cmd.exitValue() != 0) {
if (fallback == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("'$command' failed: $cmd.errorStream.text")
} else {
return fallback
}
}
return cmd.text.trim()
}
if (isCi) {
build.finalizedBy(checkCodingStyle)
}
接受的答案不是实际的解决方案。在很多情况下，您想要测试与真实 Android 框架的交互。 Robolectric，与任何其他存根一样，可能会隐藏一些实际问题。
您的问题是您使用的 InstrumentationRegistry.getContext() 与您的应用使用的不同。根据文档：
Return the Context of this instrumentation's package.
你应该使用 InstrumentationRegistry.getTargetContext() 来代替：
Return a Context for the target application being instrumented.
因为与第一个相反，它可以访问您的资源。