Mutex 没有像我预期的那样工作
Mutex does not work as I expected
我的环境：C++ Builder XE4。
我正在使用 Mutex。在下面的代码中，我希望当 Timer1 获取互斥量时，Timer2 进程将被跳过。但是，Timer2进程根本没有被跳过。
代码中有什么问题？
Unit1.cpp
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <vcl.h>
#pragma hdrstop
#include "Unit1.h"
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma package(smart_init)
#pragma resource "*.dfm"
TForm1 *Form1;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
__fastcall TForm1::TForm1(TComponent* Owner)
: TForm(Owner)
{
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
String MutexName = L"Project1";
HANDLE HWNDMutex;
void __fastcall TForm1::FormShow(TObject *Sender)
{
HWNDMutex = CreateMutex(NULL, false, MutexName.c_str());
if (HWNDMutex == NULL) {
String msg = L"failed to create mutex";
OutputDebugString(msg.c_str());
}
Timer1->Enabled = false;
Timer1->Interval = 1000; // msec
Timer1->Enabled = true;
Timer2->Enabled = false;
Timer2->Interval = 200; // msec
Timer2->Enabled = true;
}
__fastcall TForm1::~TForm1()
{
CloseHandle(HWNDMutex);
}
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer1Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(HWNDMutex, INFINITE) == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L"Timer1 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
for(int loop=0; loop<10; loop++) {
Application->ProcessMessages();
Sleep(90); // msec
}
ReleaseMutex(HWNDMutex);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer2Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(HWNDMutex, INFINITE) == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L">>>Timer2 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
ReleaseMutex(HWNDMutex);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
结果
Timer1 2017/11/08 15:20:39.781
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:39.786
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.058
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.241
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.423
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.603
Timer1 2017/11/08 15:20:40.796
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.799
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.071
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.254
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.436
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.619
Timer1 2017/11/08 15:20:41.810
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.811
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.083
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.265
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.448
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.633
我尝试将 TMutex 与 acquire() 和 release() 一起使用，但它也不起作用。
互斥量具有线程关联性，因此是可重入的：
A mutex object is a synchronization object whose state is set to signaled when it is not owned by any thread, and nonsignaled when it is owned. Only one thread at a time can own a mutex object, whose name comes from the fact that it is useful in coordinating mutually exclusive access to a shared resource. For example, to prevent two threads from writing to shared memory at the same time, each thread waits for ownership of a mutex object before executing the code that accesses the memory. After writing to the shared memory, the thread releases the mutex object.
...
After a thread obtains ownership of a mutex, it can specify the same mutex in repeated calls to the wait-functions without blocking its execution. This prevents a thread from deadlocking itself while waiting for a mutex that it already owns. To release its ownership under such circumstances, the thread must call ReleaseMutex once for each time that the mutex satisfied the conditions of a wait function.
TTimer 是一个基于消息的定时器。您在同一个线程中有两个计时器 运行。这意味着它们的 OnTimer 事件在默认情况下是相互序列化的。一次只能有一个事件 运行（除非你做了一些愚蠢的事情，比如调用 Application->ProcessMessages()，这是一个可重入的噩梦）。
Timer2会先触发（实际上是4-5次），每次在Timer1触发之前获取和释放互斥锁。然后 Timer1 触发，获取锁，运行循环以抽取主 UI 消息队列，从而允许 Timer2 再次触发（多次），而 Timer1Timer() 仍然是 运行。 Timer2 将重新获取 并且 释放 UI 线程已经拥有的同一个锁，因此 WaitForSingleObject() 会立即以 WAIT_OBJECT_0 退出。然后循环结束，Timer1释放锁。
您的互斥锁在此代码中无用。互斥锁用于线程间同步，但这段代码中没有工作线程！您有一个线程与自身同步，这是多余的，并且正是许多同步对象通过支持重新进入来避免的那种导致死锁的情况。
关键部分也具有线程亲和性并且是可重入的，因此这对您也没有帮助：
A critical section object provides synchronization similar to that provided by a mutex object, except that a critical section can be used only by the threads of a single process.
...
When a thread owns a critical section, it can make additional calls to EnterCriticalSection or TryEnterCriticalSection without blocking its execution. This prevents a thread from deadlocking itself while waiting for a critical section that it already owns. To release its ownership, the thread must call LeaveCriticalSection one time for each time that it entered the critical section. There is no guarantee about the order in which waiting threads will acquire ownership of the critical section.
但是，信号量可以满足您的尝试，因为它没有线程关联：
A semaphore object is a synchronization object that maintains a count between zero and a specified maximum value. The count is decremented each time a thread completes a wait for the semaphore object and incremented each time a thread releases the semaphore. When the count reaches zero, no more threads can successfully wait for the semaphore object state to become signaled. The state of a semaphore is set to signaled when its count is greater than zero, and nonsignaled when its count is zero.
The semaphore object is useful in controlling a shared resource that can support a limited number of users. It acts as a gate that limits the number of threads sharing the resource to a specified maximum number. For example, an application might place a limit on the number of windows that it creates. It uses a semaphore with a maximum count equal to the window limit, decrementing the count whenever a window is created and incrementing it whenever a window is closed. The application specifies the semaphore object in call to one of the wait functions before each window is created. When the count is zero—indicating that the window limit has been reached—the wait function blocks execution of the window-creation code.
...
A thread that owns a mutex object can wait repeatedly for the same mutex object to become signaled without its execution becoming blocked. A thread that waits repeatedly for the same semaphore object, however, decrements the semaphore's count each time a wait operation is completed; the thread is blocked when the count gets to zero. Similarly, only the thread that owns a mutex can successfully call the ReleaseMutex function, though any thread can use ReleaseSemaphore to increase the count of a semaphore object.
如果您切换到信号量，由于您使用了 INFINITE 超时，一旦调用 Application->ProcessMessages() 并且信号量计数器降为 0，您显示的代码就会自行死锁。所以使用较小的超时来防止这种情况。
试试这个：
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <vcl.h>
#pragma hdrstop
#include "Unit1.h"
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma package(smart_init)
#pragma resource "*.dfm"
TForm1 *Form1;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
__fastcall TForm1::TForm1(TComponent* Owner)
: TForm(Owner)
{
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
HANDLE hSemaphore;
void __fastcall TForm1::FormShow(TObject *Sender)
{
hSemaphore = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 1, 1, NULL);
if (hSemaphore == NULL) {
OutputDebugString(L"failed to create semaphore");
}
Timer1->Enabled = false;
Timer1->Interval = 1000; // msec
Timer1->Enabled = true;
Timer2->Enabled = false;
Timer2->Interval = 200; // msec
Timer2->Enabled = true;
}
__fastcall TForm1::~TForm1()
{
if (hSemaphore)
CloseHandle(hSemaphore);
}
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer1Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphore, 0) != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L"Timer1 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
for(int loop=0; loop<10; loop++) {
Application->ProcessMessages();
Sleep(90); // msec
}
ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphore, 1, NULL);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer2Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphore, 0) != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L">>>Timer2 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphore, 1, NULL);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
附带说明：小心不要给基于内核的同步对象命名。这允许其他进程访问它并在你背后搞乱它的状态。不要命名您不打算跨进程边界共享的对象！互斥量和信号量是可命名对象。
我的环境：C++ Builder XE4。
我正在使用 Mutex。在下面的代码中，我希望当 Timer1 获取互斥量时，Timer2 进程将被跳过。但是，Timer2进程根本没有被跳过。
代码中有什么问题？
Unit1.cpp
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <vcl.h>
#pragma hdrstop
#include "Unit1.h"
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma package(smart_init)
#pragma resource "*.dfm"
TForm1 *Form1;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
__fastcall TForm1::TForm1(TComponent* Owner)
: TForm(Owner)
{
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
String MutexName = L"Project1";
HANDLE HWNDMutex;
void __fastcall TForm1::FormShow(TObject *Sender)
{
HWNDMutex = CreateMutex(NULL, false, MutexName.c_str());
if (HWNDMutex == NULL) {
String msg = L"failed to create mutex";
OutputDebugString(msg.c_str());
}
Timer1->Enabled = false;
Timer1->Interval = 1000; // msec
Timer1->Enabled = true;
Timer2->Enabled = false;
Timer2->Interval = 200; // msec
Timer2->Enabled = true;
}
__fastcall TForm1::~TForm1()
{
CloseHandle(HWNDMutex);
}
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer1Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(HWNDMutex, INFINITE) == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L"Timer1 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
for(int loop=0; loop<10; loop++) {
Application->ProcessMessages();
Sleep(90); // msec
}
ReleaseMutex(HWNDMutex);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer2Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(HWNDMutex, INFINITE) == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L">>>Timer2 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
ReleaseMutex(HWNDMutex);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
结果
Timer1 2017/11/08 15:20:39.781
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:39.786
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.058
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.241
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.423
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.603
Timer1 2017/11/08 15:20:40.796
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:40.799
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.071
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.254
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.436
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.619
Timer1 2017/11/08 15:20:41.810
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:41.811
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.083
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.265
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.448
>>>Timer2 2017/11/08 15:20:42.633
我尝试将 TMutex 与 acquire() 和 release() 一起使用，但它也不起作用。
互斥量具有线程关联性，因此是可重入的：
A mutex object is a synchronization object whose state is set to signaled when it is not owned by any thread, and nonsignaled when it is owned. Only one thread at a time can own a mutex object, whose name comes from the fact that it is useful in coordinating mutually exclusive access to a shared resource. For example, to prevent two threads from writing to shared memory at the same time, each thread waits for ownership of a mutex object before executing the code that accesses the memory. After writing to the shared memory, the thread releases the mutex object.
...
After a thread obtains ownership of a mutex, it can specify the same mutex in repeated calls to the wait-functions without blocking its execution. This prevents a thread from deadlocking itself while waiting for a mutex that it already owns. To release its ownership under such circumstances, the thread must call ReleaseMutex once for each time that the mutex satisfied the conditions of a wait function.
TTimer 是一个基于消息的定时器。您在同一个线程中有两个计时器 运行。这意味着它们的 OnTimer 事件在默认情况下是相互序列化的。一次只能有一个事件 运行（除非你做了一些愚蠢的事情，比如调用 Application->ProcessMessages()，这是一个可重入的噩梦）。
Timer2会先触发（实际上是4-5次），每次在Timer1触发之前获取和释放互斥锁。然后 Timer1 触发，获取锁，运行循环以抽取主 UI 消息队列，从而允许 Timer2 再次触发（多次），而 Timer1Timer() 仍然是 运行。 Timer2 将重新获取 并且 释放 UI 线程已经拥有的同一个锁，因此 WaitForSingleObject() 会立即以 WAIT_OBJECT_0 退出。然后循环结束，Timer1释放锁。
您的互斥锁在此代码中无用。互斥锁用于线程间同步，但这段代码中没有工作线程！您有一个线程与自身同步，这是多余的，并且正是许多同步对象通过支持重新进入来避免的那种导致死锁的情况。
关键部分也具有线程亲和性并且是可重入的，因此这对您也没有帮助：
A critical section object provides synchronization similar to that provided by a mutex object, except that a critical section can be used only by the threads of a single process.
...
When a thread owns a critical section, it can make additional calls to EnterCriticalSection or TryEnterCriticalSection without blocking its execution. This prevents a thread from deadlocking itself while waiting for a critical section that it already owns. To release its ownership, the thread must call LeaveCriticalSection one time for each time that it entered the critical section. There is no guarantee about the order in which waiting threads will acquire ownership of the critical section.
但是，信号量可以满足您的尝试，因为它没有线程关联：
A semaphore object is a synchronization object that maintains a count between zero and a specified maximum value. The count is decremented each time a thread completes a wait for the semaphore object and incremented each time a thread releases the semaphore. When the count reaches zero, no more threads can successfully wait for the semaphore object state to become signaled. The state of a semaphore is set to signaled when its count is greater than zero, and nonsignaled when its count is zero.
The semaphore object is useful in controlling a shared resource that can support a limited number of users. It acts as a gate that limits the number of threads sharing the resource to a specified maximum number. For example, an application might place a limit on the number of windows that it creates. It uses a semaphore with a maximum count equal to the window limit, decrementing the count whenever a window is created and incrementing it whenever a window is closed. The application specifies the semaphore object in call to one of the wait functions before each window is created. When the count is zero—indicating that the window limit has been reached—the wait function blocks execution of the window-creation code.
...
A thread that owns a mutex object can wait repeatedly for the same mutex object to become signaled without its execution becoming blocked. A thread that waits repeatedly for the same semaphore object, however, decrements the semaphore's count each time a wait operation is completed; the thread is blocked when the count gets to zero. Similarly, only the thread that owns a mutex can successfully call the ReleaseMutex function, though any thread can use ReleaseSemaphore to increase the count of a semaphore object.
如果您切换到信号量，由于您使用了 INFINITE 超时，一旦调用 Application->ProcessMessages() 并且信号量计数器降为 0，您显示的代码就会自行死锁。所以使用较小的超时来防止这种情况。
试试这个：
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <vcl.h>
#pragma hdrstop
#include "Unit1.h"
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma package(smart_init)
#pragma resource "*.dfm"
TForm1 *Form1;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
__fastcall TForm1::TForm1(TComponent* Owner)
: TForm(Owner)
{
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
HANDLE hSemaphore;
void __fastcall TForm1::FormShow(TObject *Sender)
{
hSemaphore = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 1, 1, NULL);
if (hSemaphore == NULL) {
OutputDebugString(L"failed to create semaphore");
}
Timer1->Enabled = false;
Timer1->Interval = 1000; // msec
Timer1->Enabled = true;
Timer2->Enabled = false;
Timer2->Interval = 200; // msec
Timer2->Enabled = true;
}
__fastcall TForm1::~TForm1()
{
if (hSemaphore)
CloseHandle(hSemaphore);
}
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer1Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphore, 0) != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L"Timer1 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
for(int loop=0; loop<10; loop++) {
Application->ProcessMessages();
Sleep(90); // msec
}
ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphore, 1, NULL);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void __fastcall TForm1::Timer2Timer(TObject *Sender)
{
if (WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphore, 0) != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
return;
}
if (CHK_update->Checked) {
String msg = L">>>Timer2 " + Now().FormatString(L"yyyy/mm/dd hh:nn:ss.zzz");
Memo1->Lines->Add(msg);
}
ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphore, 1, NULL);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
附带说明：小心不要给基于内核的同步对象命名。这允许其他进程访问它并在你背后搞乱它的状态。不要命名您不打算跨进程边界共享的对象！互斥量和信号量是可命名对象。