"The parameter type `C` may not live long enough",不需要的时候

"The parameter type `C` may not live long enough", when it doesn't need to

我正在用 Rust 编写非常基本的 AI 系统。它的主要组成部分是:

这里有一个最简单的例子来说明我的问题。

// Generic system

trait Context {}

trait Action<C: Context> {
    fn run(&self, context: &mut C);
}

struct ActionsContainer<C: Context> {
    actions: Vec<Box<Action<C>>>,
}

struct System<'a, C: Context> {
    actions: &'a ActionsContainer<C>,
}

impl<'a, C: Context> System<'a, C> {
    fn run(&self, c: &mut C) {
        self.actions.actions[0].run(c);
    }
}

// Implementation

struct ContextImpl<'a> {
    x: &'a i32,
    y: i32,
}

impl<'a> Context for ContextImpl<'a> {}

struct ActionImpl {}

impl<'a> Action<ContextImpl<'a>> for ActionImpl {
    fn run(&self, c: &mut ContextImpl) {
        println!("Action!");
        c.y = c.x;
    }
}

// usage
fn main() {
    let container = ActionsContainer {
        actions: vec![Box::new(ActionImpl {})],
    };

    {
        let system = System {
            actions: &container,
        };

        {
            let x = 8;
            let mut context = ContextImpl { x: &x, y: 0 };

            system.run(&context);

            assert_eq!(context.y, context.x)
        }
    }
}

playground

编译器抱怨:

error[E0309]: the parameter type `C` may not live long enough
  --> src/main.rs:14:5
   |
13 | struct System<'a, C: Context> {
   |                   -- help: consider adding an explicit lifetime bound `C: 'a`...
14 |     actions: &'a ActionsContainer<C>,
   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   |
note: ...so that the reference type `&'a ActionsContainer<C>` does not outlive the data it points at
  --> src/main.rs:14:5
   |
14 |     actions: &'a ActionsContainer<C>,
   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

但是,C 没有存储在 Action 中。它只需要在 run 执行时存活。另一方面,Action 确实需要和整个 System 一样长。有什么方法可以注释吗?

我怀疑,它与Higher-Rank Trait Bounds有关,但我不知道如何在这里使用它们。

我也试图摆脱 Action 作为特征对象并只使用普通函数引用:

type Action<C> = fn(&mut C);

struct ActionsContainer<C: Context> {
    actions: Vec<&'static Action<C>>,
}

但编译器错误几乎相同。

我找到了解决方案:

// Generic system

trait Context {}

trait Action<C: Context> {
    fn run(&self, context: &mut C);
}

struct ActionsContainer<A> {
    actions: Vec<Box<A>>,
}

struct System<'a, A: 'a> {
    actions: &'a ActionsContainer<A>,
}

impl<'a, A> System<'a, A> {
    fn run<C>(&self, c: &mut C)
    where
        C: Context,
        A: Action<C>,
    {
        self.actions.actions[0].run(c);
    }
}

// Implementation

struct ContextImpl<'a> {
    x: &'a i32,
    y: i32,
}

impl<'a> Context for ContextImpl<'a> {}

struct ActionImpl {}

impl<'a> Action<ContextImpl<'a>> for ActionImpl {
    fn run(&self, c: &mut ContextImpl) {
        println!("Action!");
        c.y = *c.x;
    }
}

// usage
fn main() {
    let container = ActionsContainer {
        actions: vec![Box::new(ActionImpl {})],
    };

    {
        let system = System {
            actions: &container,
        };

        {
            let x = 8;
            let mut context = ContextImpl { x: &x, y: 0 };

            system.run(&mut context);

            assert_eq!(context.y, *context.x)
        }
    }
}

Playground

Rust 总是假定泛型结构中提到的特征将存储在该结构中(因此我的生命周期问题)。如果您不打算存储特征,请不要在结构定义中提及它。相反,使用更通用的边界,并在定义适当生命周期的方法上阐明它们。