使用 python 3.x 的一维插值
1-D interpolation using python 3.x
我有一个看起来像 S 形图但相对于垂直线翻转的数据。
但该图是绘制一维数据而不是某种函数的结果。
我的目标是找到 y 值为 50% 时的 x 值。如您所见,当 y 刚好在 50% 时没有数据点。
我想到了插值。但我不确定当 y 值为 50% 时插值是否能让我找到 x 值。所以我的问题是 1) 当 y 为 50% 时,您可以使用插值法找到 x 吗?或 2) 您是否需要将数据拟合到某种函数中?
下面是我目前的代码
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
my_x = [4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66]
my_y_raw=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172, 0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175, 0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611, 0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464, 0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517, 0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027, 0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905, 0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909, 0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147, 0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245, 0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181])
my_y=my_y_raw/np.max(my_y_raw)
plt.plot(my_x, my_y,color='k', markersize=40)
plt.scatter(my_x,my_y,marker='*',label="myplot", color='k', edgecolor='k', linewidth=1,facecolors='none',s=50)
plt.legend(loc="lower left")
plt.xlim([4,102])
plt.show()
如您所说,您的数据看起来像翻转的 S 形曲线。我们可以假设您的函数是严格递减函数吗?如果是这样,我们可以尝试以下方法:
- 删除所有数据不严格的点 decreasing.For 例如,对于您的数据,该点将接近 0。
- 使用二分查找找到y=0.5应该放在的位置。
- 现在你知道你想要的 y=0.5 应该位于的两个 (x, y) 对。
- 如果 (x, y) 对非常接近,您可以使用简单的线性插值。
- 否则,您可以看到那些对附近的 sigmoid 的近似值是多少。
您可能不需要为数据拟合任何函数。只需找到以下两个元素:
- y<50% 的最大 x
- y>50% 的最小 x
然后使用插值法找到 x*。下面是代码
my_x = np.array([4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66])
my_y=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172, 0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175, 0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611, 0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464, 0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517, 0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027, 0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905, 0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909, 0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147, 0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245, 0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181])
tempInd1 = my_y<.5 # This will only work if the values are monotonic
x1 = my_x[tempInd1][0]
y1 = my_y[tempInd1][0]
x2 = my_x[~tempInd1][-1]
y2 = my_y[~tempInd1][-1]
scipy.interp(0.5, [y1, y2], [x1, x2])
使用SciPy
最直接的插值方法是使用 SciPy interpolate.interp1d 函数。 SciPy 与 NumPy 密切相关,您可能已经安装了它。 interp1d
的优点是它可以为您对数据进行排序。这是以有点时髦的语法为代价的。在许多插值函数中,假设您正在尝试从 x 值插值 y 值。这些函数通常需要 "x" 值单调递增。在你的例子中,我们交换了 x 和 y 的正常意义。正如@Abhishek Mishra 指出的那样,y 值有一个异常值。就您的数据而言,您很幸运,您可以避开异常值。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
my_x = [4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,
48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66]
my_y_raw=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172,
0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175,
0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611,
0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464,
0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517,
0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027,
0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905,
0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909,
0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147,
0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245,
0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181])
# set assume_sorted to have scipy automatically sort for you
f = interp1d(my_y_raw, my_x, assume_sorted = False)
xnew = f(0.5)
print('interpolated value is ', xnew)
plt.plot(my_x, my_y_raw,'x-', markersize=10)
plt.plot(xnew, 0.5, 'x', color = 'r', markersize=20)
plt.plot((0, xnew), (0.5,0.5), ':')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
这给出了
interpolated value is 56.81214249272691
使用 NumPy
Numpy 也有一个 interp 函数,但它不会为您进行排序。如果你不排序,你会后悔的:
Does not check that the x-coordinate sequence xp is increasing. If xp
is not increasing, the results are nonsense.
让我 np.interp 工作的唯一方法是将数据推入结构化数组。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
my_x = np.array([4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,
48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66], dtype = np.float)
my_y_raw=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172,
0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175,
0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611,
0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464,
0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517,
0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027,
0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905,
0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909,
0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147,
0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245,
0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181],
dtype = np.float)
dt = np.dtype([('x', np.float), ('y', np.float)])
data = np.zeros( (len(my_x)), dtype = dt)
data['x'] = my_x
data['y'] = my_y_raw
data.sort(order = 'y') # sort data in place by y values
print('numpy interp gives ', np.interp(0.5, data['y'], data['x']))
这给出了
numpy interp gives 56.81214249272691
我有一个看起来像 S 形图但相对于垂直线翻转的数据。
但该图是绘制一维数据而不是某种函数的结果。
我的目标是找到 y 值为 50% 时的 x 值。如您所见,当 y 刚好在 50% 时没有数据点。 我想到了插值。但我不确定当 y 值为 50% 时插值是否能让我找到 x 值。所以我的问题是 1) 当 y 为 50% 时,您可以使用插值法找到 x 吗?或 2) 您是否需要将数据拟合到某种函数中?
下面是我目前的代码
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
my_x = [4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66]
my_y_raw=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172, 0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175, 0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611, 0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464, 0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517, 0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027, 0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905, 0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909, 0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147, 0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245, 0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181])
my_y=my_y_raw/np.max(my_y_raw)
plt.plot(my_x, my_y,color='k', markersize=40)
plt.scatter(my_x,my_y,marker='*',label="myplot", color='k', edgecolor='k', linewidth=1,facecolors='none',s=50)
plt.legend(loc="lower left")
plt.xlim([4,102])
plt.show()
如您所说,您的数据看起来像翻转的 S 形曲线。我们可以假设您的函数是严格递减函数吗?如果是这样,我们可以尝试以下方法:
- 删除所有数据不严格的点 decreasing.For 例如,对于您的数据,该点将接近 0。
- 使用二分查找找到y=0.5应该放在的位置。
- 现在你知道你想要的 y=0.5 应该位于的两个 (x, y) 对。
- 如果 (x, y) 对非常接近,您可以使用简单的线性插值。
- 否则,您可以看到那些对附近的 sigmoid 的近似值是多少。
您可能不需要为数据拟合任何函数。只需找到以下两个元素:
- y<50% 的最大 x
- y>50% 的最小 x
然后使用插值法找到 x*。下面是代码
my_x = np.array([4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66])
my_y=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172, 0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175, 0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611, 0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464, 0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517, 0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027, 0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905, 0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909, 0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147, 0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245, 0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181])
tempInd1 = my_y<.5 # This will only work if the values are monotonic
x1 = my_x[tempInd1][0]
y1 = my_y[tempInd1][0]
x2 = my_x[~tempInd1][-1]
y2 = my_y[~tempInd1][-1]
scipy.interp(0.5, [y1, y2], [x1, x2])
使用SciPy
最直接的插值方法是使用 SciPy interpolate.interp1d 函数。 SciPy 与 NumPy 密切相关,您可能已经安装了它。 interp1d
的优点是它可以为您对数据进行排序。这是以有点时髦的语法为代价的。在许多插值函数中,假设您正在尝试从 x 值插值 y 值。这些函数通常需要 "x" 值单调递增。在你的例子中,我们交换了 x 和 y 的正常意义。正如@Abhishek Mishra 指出的那样,y 值有一个异常值。就您的数据而言,您很幸运,您可以避开异常值。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
my_x = [4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,
48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66]
my_y_raw=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172,
0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175,
0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611,
0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464,
0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517,
0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027,
0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905,
0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909,
0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147,
0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245,
0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181])
# set assume_sorted to have scipy automatically sort for you
f = interp1d(my_y_raw, my_x, assume_sorted = False)
xnew = f(0.5)
print('interpolated value is ', xnew)
plt.plot(my_x, my_y_raw,'x-', markersize=10)
plt.plot(xnew, 0.5, 'x', color = 'r', markersize=20)
plt.plot((0, xnew), (0.5,0.5), ':')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
这给出了
interpolated value is 56.81214249272691
使用 NumPy
Numpy 也有一个 interp 函数,但它不会为您进行排序。如果你不排序,你会后悔的:
Does not check that the x-coordinate sequence xp is increasing. If xp is not increasing, the results are nonsense.
让我 np.interp 工作的唯一方法是将数据推入结构化数组。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
my_x = np.array([4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,
48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66], dtype = np.float)
my_y_raw=np.array([0.99470977497817203, 0.99434995886145172,
0.98974611323163653, 0.961630837657524, 0.99327633558441175,
0.99338952769251909, 0.99428263292577534, 0.98690514212711611,
0.99111667721533181, 0.99149418924880861, 0.99133773062680464,
0.99143506380003499, 0.99151080464011454, 0.99268261743308517,
0.99289757252812316, 0.99100207861144063, 0.99157171773324027,
0.99112571824824358, 0.99031608691035722, 0.98978104266076905,
0.989782674787969, 0.98897835092187614, 0.98517540405423909,
0.98308943666187076, 0.96081810781994603, 0.85563541881892147,
0.61570811548079107, 0.33076276040577052, 0.14655134838124245,
0.076853147122142126, 0.035831324928136087, 0.021344669212790181],
dtype = np.float)
dt = np.dtype([('x', np.float), ('y', np.float)])
data = np.zeros( (len(my_x)), dtype = dt)
data['x'] = my_x
data['y'] = my_y_raw
data.sort(order = 'y') # sort data in place by y values
print('numpy interp gives ', np.interp(0.5, data['y'], data['x']))
这给出了
numpy interp gives 56.81214249272691