"Variable does not live long enough" 返回包含引用的结果但它确实存在足够长的时间

"Variable does not live long enough" when returning a Result containing a reference but it does live long enough

我正在实现一个小实用程序,编译器告诉我变量 (a TcpStream) 的寿命不够长,建议我找到一种方法使它的寿命与目前还活着。

错误信息

error[E0597]: `stream` does not live long enough
  --> src/main.rs:47:35
   |
47 |         match handle_request(&mut stream){
   |                                   ^^^^^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
...
54 | }
   | - borrowed value only lives until here
   |
note: borrowed value must be valid for the anonymous lifetime #1 defined on the function body at 43:1...
  --> src/main.rs:43:1
   |
43 | / fn handle_array(stream: &mut BufReader<TcpStream>) -> Result<Data,Errors>
44 | | {
45 | |     let mut array: Vec<Data> = Vec::with_capacity(50);//arbitrary size, picked differently in the complete program
46 | |     for _x in 0..50 {
...  |
53 | |     Ok(Data::Array(array))
54 | | }
   | |_^

代码

Rust playground snippet with the exact problem

use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::io::BufReader;
use std::io::Read;
use std::net::TcpStream;

static TOKEN: &[u8; 2] = b"\r\n";

fn main() {}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum Data {
    String(Vec<u8>),
    Error(Vec<u8>),
    Integer(i64),
    Binary(Vec<u8>),
    Array(Vec<Data>),
    Dictionary(HashMap<String, Data>),
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum Errors<'a> {
    CommandError(&'a str),
    EndOfConnection,
    NotImplemented,
}

pub fn handle_request(stream: &mut BufReader<TcpStream>) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    //TODO handle the empty stream
    let mut buff: [u8; 1] = *b"0";
    stream.read_exact(&mut buff); //TODO: handle error here
    match &buff {
        /* part skipped, not relevant */
        b"*" => handle_array(stream),
        &[_] => Err(Errors::CommandError("Bad request")),
    }
}

/*part skipped, not relevant  */

fn handle_array(stream: &mut BufReader<TcpStream>) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    let mut array: Vec<Data> = Vec::with_capacity(50); //arbitrary size, picked differently in the complete program
    for _x in 0..50 {
        match handle_request(&mut stream) {
            Ok(x) => array.push(x.clone()),
            Err(x) => return Err(x.clone()),
        }
    }

    Ok(Data::Array(array))
}

我真的被这个卡住了。

看来我不能使用Err的值。如果我更换

match handle_request(&mut stream){
    Ok(x) => array.push(x.clone()),
    Err(x) => return Err(x.clone()),
}

match handle_request(&mut stream){
    Ok(x) => array.push(x.clone()),
    Err(_) => return Err(Errors::NotImplemented),
}

问题解决了,不知道是什么原因。

你的问题可以简化为:

struct Reader;
struct Data;
struct Errors<'a>(&'a str);

fn handle_array(stream: &mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    for _ in 0..0 {
        handle_request(&mut stream)?;
    }

    unimplemented!();
}

fn handle_request(_stream: &mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    unimplemented!()
}

fn main() {}
error[E0597]: `stream` does not live long enough
  --> src/main.rs:7:29
   |
7  |         handle_request(&mut stream)?;
   |                             ^^^^^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
...
11 | }
   | - borrowed value only lives until here
   |
note: borrowed value must be valid for the anonymous lifetime #1 defined on the function body at 5:1...
  --> src/main.rs:5:1
   |
5  | / fn handle_array(stream: &mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
6  | |     for _ in 0..0 {
7  | |         handle_request(&mut stream)?;
8  | |     }
9  | |
10 | |     unimplemented!();
11 | | }
   | |_^

handle_array的正文中,stream的类型是&mut Reader。但是,当调用 handle_request 时,您 对其进行另一个引用 ,创建一个 &mut &mut Reader.

为代码添加一些明确的生命周期(出于教育目的,这不会编译),代码看起来有点像这样:

fn handle_array<'stream>(stream: &'stream mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    let tmp: &'tmp mut &'stream mut Reader = &mut stream;
    if let Err(x) = handle_request(tmp)

handle_request 需要一个 &mut Reader,因此编译器会插入一些代码来为您对齐这两种类型。编译器必须保守地执行此转换,因此它选择较短的生命周期:

fn handle_array<'stream>(stream: &'stream mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    let tmp: &'tmp mut &'stream mut Reader = &mut stream;
    let tmp2: &'tmp mut Reader = tmp;
    if let Err(x) = handle_request(tmp2)

问题的下一个方面是生命周期省略 已针对这两个函数启动。它们的展开形式如下:

fn handle_array<'stream>(stream: &'stream mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors<'stream>>

fn handle_request<'_stream>(_stream: &_stream mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors<'_stream>>

这意味着 returned Errors 的生命周期与参数的生命周期相关,但在您的情况下,handle_request 的参数具有较短的 'tmp 的生命周期, 不是 'stream 的生命周期。这说明了为什么会出现编译器错误:您正在尝试 return 一个只能存在于 函数 中的 Errors (变量的生命周期 stream 本身),但您正在尝试 return 需要更长寿的参考。

我们可以通过将 stream 传递给 handle_request 来解决这个问题:

handle_request(stream)?;

不幸的是,这只会改变错误:

error[E0499]: cannot borrow `*stream` as mutable more than once at a time
  --> src/main.rs:9:40
   |
9  |         if let Err(x) = handle_request(stream) {
   |                                        ^^^^^^ mutable borrow starts here in previous iteration of loop
...
15 | }
   | - mutable borrow ends here

这部分 更难解释。参见:

现在这是 Rust 的一个非常粗糙的边缘,但它越来越接近被修复!但是,现在您有两个主要选择:

调用函数两次

这可能行不通,因为您无法从流中读取两次,但在其他情况下它可能会有用:

fn handle_array(stream: &mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    let mut array = vec![];
    for _ in 0..0 {
        if handle_request(stream).is_err() {
            return handle_request(stream);
        }
        if let Ok(r) = handle_request(stream) {
            array.push(r);
        };
    }

    unimplemented!();
}

删除引用

暂时放弃尝试在这种情况下获得参考

struct Errors(String);

fn handle_array(stream: &mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    let mut array = vec![];
    for _ in 0..0 {
        array.push(handle_request(stream)?);
    }

    unimplemented!();
}

我会使用迭代器来提高效率:

fn handle_array(stream: &mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    let array = (0..0)
        .map(|_| handle_request(stream))
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;

    unimplemented!();
}

未来?

使用 unstable NLL 功能和 experimental "Polonius" 实现,此代码有效:

struct Errors<'a>(&'a str);

fn handle_array(stream: &mut Reader) -> Result<Data, Errors> {
    let mut array = vec![];
    for _ in (0..0) {
        array.push(handle_request(stream)?);
    }

    unimplemented!();
}

这将在一段时间后普遍可用...