无法引用 &str 的一部分,因为它的寿命不够长,即使它引用的内容确实如此

Can't reference a slice of &str because it doesn't live long enough, even though what it references does

我正在用 Rust 实现一个扫描器。我在 Scanner 结构上有一个 scan 方法,它将字符串切片作为源代码,将该字符串分解为 Vec<&str> 个 UTF-8 字符(使用板条箱 unicode_segmentation), 然后将每个字符委托给一个 scan_token 方法来确定它的词法标记和 returns 它。

extern crate unicode_segmentation;
use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;

struct Scanner {
    start: usize,
    current: usize,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Token<'src> {
    lexeme: &'src [&'src str],
}

impl Scanner {
    pub fn scan<'src>(&mut self, source: &'src str) -> Vec<Token<'src>> {
        let mut offset = 0;
        let mut tokens = Vec::new();
        // break up the code into UTF8 graphemes
        let chars: Vec<&str> = source.graphemes(true).collect();
        while let Some(_) = chars.get(offset) {
            // determine which token this grapheme represents
            let token = self.scan_token(&chars);
            // push it to the tokens array
            tokens.push(token);
            offset += 1;
        }
        tokens
    }

    pub fn scan_token<'src>(&mut self, chars: &'src [&'src str]) -> Token<'src> {
        // get this lexeme as some slice of the slice of chars
        let lexeme = &chars[self.start..self.current];
        let token = Token { lexeme };
        token
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut scanner = Scanner {
        start: 0,
        current: 0,
    };
    let tokens = scanner.scan("abcd");
    println!("{:?}", tokens);
}

我收到的错误是:

error[E0597]: `chars` does not live long enough
  --> src/main.rs:22:42
   |
22 |             let token = self.scan_token(&chars);
   |                                          ^^^^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
...
28 |     }
   |     - borrowed value only lives until here
   |
note: borrowed value must be valid for the lifetime 'src as defined on the method body at 15:17...
  --> src/main.rs:15:17
   |
15 |     pub fn scan<'src>(&mut self, source: &'src str) -> Vec<Token<'src>> {
   |                 ^^^^

我想我理解为什么这不起作用背后的逻辑:错误清楚地表明 chars 需要与生命周期 'src 一样长,因为 tokens 包含将引用切片到 chars 内的数据中。

我不明白的是,因为 chars 只是对一个对象的引用片段, 的生命周期为 'src(即 source),为什么 tokenschars 被删除后不能引用此数据?我对低级编程还很陌生,我想我对引用 + 生命周期的直觉可能有点不对。

你的问题可以简化为:

pub fn scan<'a>(source: &'a str) -> Option<&'a str> {
    let chars: Vec<&str> = source.split("").collect();
    scan_token(&chars)
}

pub fn scan_token<'a>(chars: &'a [&'a str]) -> Option<&'a str> {
    chars.last().cloned()
}
error[E0597]: `chars` does not live long enough
 --> src/lib.rs:3:17
  |
3 |     scan_token(&chars)
  |                 ^^^^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
4 | }
  | - borrowed value only lives until here
  |
note: borrowed value must be valid for the lifetime 'a as defined on the function body at 1:13...
 --> src/lib.rs:1:13
  |
1 | pub fn scan<'a>(source: &'a str) -> Option<&'a str> {
  |             ^^

scan_token 函数要求对切片的引用和切片内部的引用具有 相同的 生命周期:&'a [&'a str]。由于 Vec 的生命周期较短,因此统一生命周期必须如此。但是,向量的生命周期不足以 return 值。

删除不需要的生命周期:

pub fn scan_token<'a>(chars: &[&'a str]) -> Option<&'a str>

将这些更改应用到您的完整代码,您会看到核心问题在 Token 的定义中重复出现:

struct Token<'src> {
    lexeme: &'src [&'src str],
}

这种结构绝对不可能让你的代码按原样编译——没有与切片一样长的切片向量。您的代码根本不可能采用这种形式。

可以 传递对 Vec 的可变引用以用作存储,但这很不寻常,并且有很多缺点你尝试做任何更大的事情:

impl Scanner {
    pub fn scan<'src>(&mut self, source: &'src str, chars: &'src mut Vec<&'src str>) -> Vec<Token<'src>> {
        // ...
        chars.extend(source.graphemes(true));
        // ...
        while let Some(_) = chars.get(offset) {
            // ...
            let token = self.scan_token(chars);
            // ...
        }
        // ...
    }

    // ...    
}

fn main() {
    // ...
    let mut chars = Vec::new();
    let tokens = scanner.scan("abcd", &mut chars);
    // ...
}

您可能只想 Token 成为 Vec<&'src str>

另请参阅:

  • Is there any way to return a reference to a variable created in a function?