如何添加数字并将它们显示到引导加载程序中的控制台?

How to add numbers and display them to the console in a bootloader?

我正在创建引导加载程序,它应该加上 512 来变量和打印结果,直到达到指定的数字。对我来说,它是 4194304,但问题是我真的不明白如何加上这些数字,因为最后我总是什么也得不到或字符串损坏。那么我应该如何正确加号呢?

cpu 386
bits 16
org 0h

start:
    cld
    xor ax,ax
    mov ss,ax
    mov sp,7c00h           ; setup stack

    mov ax,8000h
    mov es,ax              ; initialize es w/ 8000h
    mov ds,ax              ; initialize ds w/ 8000h

;===============================================================================================================

load_prog:
    mov ax,0206h           ;function/# of sec to read
    mov cx,0001h           ;0-5 sec # (counts from one), 6-7 hi cyl bits

    mov dh,00h             ;dh=head dl=drive (bit 7=hdd)
    mov bx,0h              ;data buffer, points to es:0
    int 13h
    cmp ah,0
    jne load_prog          ;this is allowable because it is relative

;============================================================================================================    

next:
    mov eax, [NUMBERS]
    add eax, 512           ;I think this have to plus numbers, so result have to be 512 = 0 + 512
    mov [NUMBERS], eax     ;And this i think have to store result to NUMBERS


print_1:
    mov si, msg0
    push ax
    cld
printchar_1:
    mov al,[si]
    cmp al,0
    jz print_2
    mov ah,0x0e
    int 0x10
    inc si
    jmp printchar_1


print_2:
    mov si, [NUMBERS]
    push ax
    cld
printchar_2:
    mov al,[si]
    cmp al,0
    jz print_3
    mov ah,0x0e
    int 0x10
    inc si
    jmp printchar_2


print_3:
    mov si, msg1
    push ax
    cld
printchar_3:
    mov al,[si]
    cmp al,0
    jz next
    mov ah,0x0e
    int 0x10
    inc si
    jmp printchar_3


done:
    hlt
    jmp done

;=====================================================================================================================    

MBR_Signature:
    msg0 db 'Counted numbers ',0
    msg1 db ' of 4194304',13,10,0
    NUMBERS dd 0
    times 510-($-$$) db 0
    db 55h,0aah
    times 4096-($-$$) db 0

TL;DR :看来您的主要问题是使用 MOV 指令将数字存储到内存不会将值转换为字符串。您必须编写将整数转换为字符串的代码。


您可以使用重复除法将寄存器 (EAX) 中的值转换为不同的基数(十进制数字以 10 为基数)。通用算法为

val = number to convert
repeat 
  digit = val MOD 10     ; digit = remainder of val/10
  val   = val DIV 10     ; val = quotient of val/10 
  digit = digit + '0'    ; Convert digit to character value by adding '0'
  Store digit
until val == 0

如果您有号码 1234:

  • 1234/10=123余数4(位数)
  • 123/10=12余数3(位数)
  • 12/10=1余数2(位数)
  • 1/10=0 余数1(位数)
  • 完成

您会发现,当我们反复除以 10 时,我们得到数字 4、3、2、1,这与我们想要的 1、2、3、4 相反。你可以想出一种机制来处理反转字符串。一种快速而肮脏的方法是以相反的顺序将数字压入堆栈,然后您可以按正确的顺序将每个数字从堆栈中弹出。您可以将每个数字以相反的顺序存储在缓冲区中。

由于您尝试显示 32 位无符号数,因此您需要在 EAX 中用 val 除法。 64 位除法是用 EDX:EAX 中的值(其中 EDX 设置为 0)除以 10。x86 指令 DIV 计算商(returned in EAX)和余数(returned in EDX).

我建议将常用代码移到函数中,以减少重复、简化开发并使代码更易于维护

创建一个函数 uint32_to_str,该函数使用重复除以 10 的方法在计算 ASCII 数字时将其存储在堆栈中。最后,ASCII 数字从堆栈中弹出并存储到传递给函数的缓冲区中。这与 itoa 函数的工作方式类似,因为数字始终写入缓冲区的开头。完成后,缓冲区以 NUL(0) 终止。函数原型可能如下所示:

; uint32_to_str
;
; Parameters:
;     EAX   = 32-bit unsigned value to print
;     ES:DI = buffer to store NUL terminated ASCII string
;
; Returns:
;     None
;
; Clobbered:
;     None

您的代码还打印字符串。使用原型创建一个 print_str 函数:

; print_str
;
; Parameters:
;     DS:SI = NUL terminated ASCII string to print
;
; Returns:
;     None
;
; Clobbered:
;     None

这些只是示例原型。您可以选择在您选择的任何寄存器中传递值和地址。您还可以决定您的函数是否 return 一个值以及哪些寄存器被破坏。在这段代码中,我保留了所有使用的寄存器。您可以选择保留其中的部分或全部,这取决于您。

您的引导加载程序可能类似于:

cpu 386
bits 16
org 0h

start:
    cld
    xor ax,ax
    mov ss,ax
    mov sp,7c00h               ; setup stack

    mov ax,8000h
    mov es,ax                  ; initialize es w/ 8000h
    mov ds,ax                  ; initialize ds w/ 8000h

;=================================================================================

load_prog:
    mov ax,0206h               ; function/# of sec to read
    mov cx,0001h               ; 0-5 sec # (counts from one), 6-7 hi cyl bits

    mov dh,00h                 ; dh=head dl=drive (bit 7=hdd)
    mov bx,0h                  ; data buffer, points to es:0
    int 13h
    cmp ah,0
    jne load_prog              ; this is allowable because it is relative

;=================================================================================

    mov eax, [NUMBERS]
next:
    add eax, 512               ; Advance value by 512

    mov si, msg0
    call print_str

    mov di, strbuf             ; ES:DI points to string buffer to store to
    call uint32_to_str         ; Convert 32-bit unsigned value in EAX to ASCII string

    mov si, di                 ; DS:SI points to string buffer to print
    call print_str

    mov si, msg1
    call print_str

    cmp eax, 1024*4096         ; End loop at 4194304 (1024*4096)
    jl next                    ; Continue until we reach limit

    mov [NUMBERS], eax         ; Store final value in NUMBERS

done:
    hlt
    jmp done


; print_str
;
; Parameters:
;     DS:SI = NUL terminated ASCII string to print
;
; Returns:
;     None
;
; Clobbered:
;     None

print_str:
    push ax
    push di

    mov ah,0x0e
.getchar:
    lodsb                      ; Same as mov al,[si] and inc si
    test al, al                ; Same as cmp al,0
    jz .end
    int 0x10
    jmp .getchar
.end:

    pop di
    pop ax
    ret

; uint32_to_str
;
; Parameters:
;     EAX   = 32-bit unsigned value to print
;     ES:DI = buffer to store NUL terminated ASCII string
;
; Returns:
;     None
;
; Clobbered:
;     None

uint32_to_str:
    push edx
    push eax
    push ecx
    push bx
    push di

    xor bx, bx                 ; Digit count
    mov ecx, 10                ; Divisor

.digloop:
    xor edx, edx               ; Division will use 64-bit dividend in EDX:EAX
    div ecx                    ; Divide EDX:EAX by 10
                               ;     EAX=Quotient
                               ;     EDX=Remainder(the current digit)
    add dl, '0'                ; Convert digit to ASCII
    push dx                    ; Push on stack so digits can be popped off in
                               ;     reverse order when finished

    inc bx                     ; Digit count += 1
    test eax, eax
    jnz .digloop               ; If dividend is zero then we are finished
                               ;     converting the number

    ; Get digits from stack in reverse order we pushed them
.popdigloop:
    pop ax
    stosb                      ; Same as mov [ES:DI], al and inc di
    dec bx
    jne .popdigloop            ; Loop until all digits have been popped

    mov al, 0
    stosb                      ; NUL terminate string
                               ; Same as mov [ES:DI], al and inc di

    pop di
    pop bx
    pop ecx
    pop eax
    pop edx
    ret
    ;================================================================================

    NUMBERS dd 0
    msg0    db 'Counted numbers ',0
    msg1    db ' of 4194304',13,10,0

    ; String buffer to hold ASCII string of 32-bit unsigned number
    strbuf times 11 db 0

    times 510-($-$$) db 0
MBR_Signature:
    db 55h,0aah
    times 4096-($-$$) db 0

函数的替代版本

我通常会使用跳转到循环中间的代码,以允许在结束而不是中间完成退出条件(字符为零)。这避免了必须在最后执行无条件 JMP 指令:

; print_str
;
; Parameters:
;     DS:SI = NUL terminated ASCII string to print
;
; Returns:
;     None
;
; Clobbered:
;     None

print_str:
    push ax
    push di

    mov ah,0x0e
    jmp .getchar               ; Start by getting next character
.printchar:
    int 0x10
.getchar:
    lodsb                      ; Same as mov al,[si] and inc si
    test al, al                ; Is it NUL terminator?
    jnz .printchar             ; If not print character and repeat

    pop di
    pop ax
    ret

原来uint32_to_str设计成总是return从缓冲区开始的字符串传递。这与 C 的非标准函数 itoa 类似,其中传递的缓冲区地址与函数 return 编辑的地址相同。

可以通过删除用于反转字符串的压入和弹出来显着简化代码。这可以通过从输出缓冲区中将出现 NUL 终止符的位置开始写入 ASCII 数字来完成。 ASCII 数字在计算时从字符串的末尾向开头插入缓冲区。来自函数的地址 return 可能位于传递的缓冲区的中间。数字串的开头通过 DI 寄存器 return 返回给调用者,代码如下:

; uint32_to_str
;
; Parameters:
;     EAX   = 32-bit unsigned value to print.
;     ES:DI = buffer to store NUL terminated ASCII string.
;             buffer must be at a minimum 11 bytes in length to
;             hold the largest unsigned decimal number that
;             can be represented in 32-bits including a 
;             NUL terminator.
; Returns:
;     ES:DI   Points to beginning of buffer where the string starts.
;             This may not be the same address that was passed as a
;             parameter in DI initially. DI may point to a position in
;             in the middle of the buffer.
;
; Clobbered:
;     None

uint32_to_str:
    MAX_OUT_DIGITS equ 10      ; Largest unsigned int represented in 32-bits is 10 bytes

    push edx
    push eax
    push ecx

    mov ecx, 10                ; Divisor
    add di, MAX_OUT_DIGITS     ; Start at a point in the buffer we
                               ;     can move backwards from that can handle
                               ;     a 10 digit number and NUL terminator
    mov byte [es:di], 0        ; NUL terminate string

.digloop:
    xor edx, edx               ; Division will use 64-bit dividend in EDX:EAX
    div ecx                    ; Divide EDX:EAX by 10
                               ;     EAX=Quotient
                               ;     EDX=Remainder(the current digit)
    add dl, '0'                ; Convert digit to ASCII
    dec di                     ; Move to previous position in buffer
    mov [es:di], dl            ; Store the digit in the buffer

    test eax, eax
    jnz .digloop               ; If dividend is zero then we are finished
                               ;     converting the number

    pop ecx
    pop eax
    pop edx
    ret

脚注

  • 我不确定您为什么将引导扇区和额外扇区读入 0x0000:0x8000 处的内存,但我保留了该代码原样。该代码有效,但我不确定你为什么要这样做。
  • 由于您使用了指令 CPU 386 并使用了 32 位寄存器 EAX 我创建了代码以在需要时使用 32 位寄存器但使用了 16 位否则注册。这减少了使代码膨胀的不必要的指令前缀。结果,此代码将 运行 in real-mode 仅在具有 386+ 处理器的系统上。您可以使用 16 位寄存器进行 32 位除法,但它更复杂并且超出了本答案的范围。