为什么 input.Text() 在主 goroutine 中被评估

why input.Text() is evaluated in the main goroutine

The Go Programming Language的第8章中,对并发回显服务器的描述如下:

The arguments to the function started by go are evaluated when the go statement itself is executed; thus input.Text() is evaluated in the main goroutine.

我不明白这个。为什么 input.Text() 在主 goroutine 中被评估?它不应该在 go echo() goroutine 中吗?

// Copyright © 2016 Alan A. A. Donovan & Brian W. Kernighan.
// License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

// See page 224.

// Reverb2 is a TCP server that simulates an echo.
package main

import (
    "bufio"
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net"
    "strings"
    "time"
)

func echo(c net.Conn, shout string, delay time.Duration) {
    fmt.Fprintln(c, "\t", strings.ToUpper(shout))
    time.Sleep(delay)
    fmt.Fprintln(c, "\t", shout)
    time.Sleep(delay)
    fmt.Fprintln(c, "\t", strings.ToLower(shout))
}

//!+
func handleConn(c net.Conn) {
    input := bufio.NewScanner(c)
    for input.Scan() {
        go echo(c, input.Text(), 1*time.Second)
    }
    // NOTE: ignoring potential errors from input.Err()
    c.Close()
}

//!-

func main() {
    l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:8000")
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    for {
        conn, err := l.Accept()
        if err != nil {
            log.Print(err) // e.g., connection aborted
            continue
        }
        go handleConn(conn)
    }
}

代码在这里:https://github.com/adonovan/gopl.io/blob/master/ch8/reverb2/reverb.go

go 关键字在 Go 中的工作原理,请参阅 Go_statements:

The function value and parameters are evaluated as usual in the calling goroutine, but unlike with a regular call, program execution does not wait for the invoked function to complete. Instead, the function begins executing independently in a new goroutine. When the function terminates, its goroutine also terminates. If the function has any return values, they are discarded when the function completes.


函数值参数计算 go ] 关键字(与 defer 关键字相同,参见 )。


要了解评估顺序,让我们试试这个:

go have()(fun("with Go."))

让我们运行 this 阅读评估顺序的代码注释:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
)

func main() {
    go have()(fun("with Go."))

    fmt.Print("some ") // evaluation order: ~ 3
    wg.Wait()
}

func have() func(string) {
    fmt.Print("Go ") // evaluation order: 1
    return funWithGo
}

func fun(msg string) string {
    fmt.Print("have ") // evaluation order: 2
    return msg
}

func funWithGo(msg string) {
    fmt.Println("fun", msg) // evaluation order: 4
    wg.Done()
}

func init() {
    wg.Add(1)
}

var wg sync.WaitGroup

输出:

Go have some fun with Go.

解释 go have()(fun("with Go.")):
首先进行评估:
go have()(...)have()部分运行s结果为fmt.Print("Go ")return funWithGo,然后fun("with Go.")运行s,结果是 fmt.Print("have ")return "with Go.";现在我们有 go funWithGo("with Go.")

所以最后的 goroutine 调用是 go funWithGo("with Go.")
这是启动一个新的 goroutine 的调用,所以我们真的不知道它什么时候会 运行。所以下一行有机会运行:fmt.Print("some "),那我们就在这里等wg.Wait()。现在 goroutine 运行s this funWithGo("with Go.") 结果是 fmt.Println("fun", "with Go.") then wg.Done();就是这样。

让我们重写上面的代码,只是将命名函数替换为匿名函数,所以这段代码与上面相同:
例如见:

func have() func(string) {
    fmt.Print("Go ") // evaluation order: 1
    return funWithGo
}

并剪切此代码 select go have() 中的 have 部分,然后粘贴 select func have() 中的 have 部分,然后按键盘上的 Delete,然后你将得到:
This就更漂亮了,结果一样,只是把所有的函数都换成了匿名函数:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
)

func main() {
    var wg sync.WaitGroup
    wg.Add(1)

    go func() func(string) {
        fmt.Print("Go ") // evaluation order: 1
        return func(msg string) {
            fmt.Println("fun", msg) // evaluation order: 4
            wg.Done()
        }
    }()(func(msg string) string {
        fmt.Print("have ") // evaluation order: 2
        return msg
    }("with Go."))

    fmt.Print("some ") // evaluation order: ~ 3
    wg.Wait()
}

让我用一个简单的例子来解释一下:
1. 考虑这个简单的代码:

i := 1
go fmt.Println(i) // 1

这很清楚:输出是 1

但是如果 Go 设计者决定在 函数参数 运行-time 时计算函数参数,没有人知道 i 的值;您可以更改代码中的 i(参见下一个示例)


  1. 现在让我们做这个闭包:
i := 1
go func() {
    time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
    fmt.Println(i) // ?
}()

输出真的是未知,如果main goroutine早点退出,甚至连运行:唤醒的机会都没有并打印 i,这是 i 本身可能会更改到那个特定时刻。


  1. 现在让我们这样解决:
i := 1
go func(i int) { 
    fmt.Printf("Step 3 i is: %d\n", i) // i = 1
}(i)

这个匿名函数参数是int类型,是值类型,i的值是已知的,编译器生成的代码 将值 1 (i) 压入堆栈,因此此函数将在时间到来时(将来的某个时间)使用值 1


  1. 全部(The Go Playground):
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    i := 1
    go fmt.Println(i) // 1 (when = unknown)
    go fmt.Println(2) // 2 (when = unknown)

    go func() { // closure
        time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
        fmt.Println(" This won't have a chance to run", i) // i = unknown  (when = unknown)
    }()

    i = 3
    wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
    wg.Add(1)
    go func(i int) {
        defer wg.Done()
        fmt.Printf("Step 3 i is: %d\n", i) // i = 3 (when = unknown)
    }(i)

    i = 4

    go func(step int) { // closure
        fmt.Println(step, i) // i=? (when = unknown)
    }(5)
    i = 5
    fmt.Println(i) // i=5

    wg.Wait()
}

输出:

5
5 5
2
1
Step 3 i is: 3

Go Playground 输出:

5
5 5
1
2
Step 3 i is: 3

您可能会注意到,12 的顺序是随机的,您的输出可能会有所不同(请参阅代码注释)。