如何定义一个可以结构化绑定的对象的概念?

How to define a concept of a object that is can be structured binding?

我想定义一个concept可以检测类型T是否可以结构化绑定:

template <typename T>
concept two_elements_structured_bindable = requires (T t) {
  auto [x, y] = t;
};

但这无法编译。有没有正确的方法来定义这样的 concept

没有

结构化绑定分三种情况:

  1. 数组。这很容易检测到。

  2. Tuple-like。您可以轻松检查 std::tuple_size<E>::value 是否有效,然后检查 std::tuple_element<I, E>::type 是否作为所有正确类型的类型有效。但是 get 的情况更难,因为你必须处理成员与 non-member... 但除此之外我认为可行。

  3. 所有 public(是的,技术上可访问的)成员都是同一 class 的直接成员的类型。这是不可能用目前的技术检测到的。我认为 magic_get 可以处理 struct X { int a, b; };struct Y : X { };struct Z { X& x; }; 都不能。您需要进行适当的反思才能检查这种情况。

从 C++20 开始,您将需要某种编译器固有功能来执行此操作。

使用 C++20,您可以定义一个 concept 来识别 C 风格数组 类元组类型 作为结构可绑定。但它无法识别基于 public-only 字段的结构可绑定类型。

可以实施的可能概念(参见完整实施here):

template<typename T, std::size_t N>
concept structure_bindable = 
    (std::is_array_v<T> && (std::extent_v<T> == N)) ||
    ((std::tuple_size_v<T> == N) && has_get_for_size<T, N>::value);

template<typename T, typename... Ts>
concept structure_bindable_with = 
    structure_bindable<T, sizeof...(Ts)>
    && is_get_N<T, Ts...>(std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});

template<typename T, size_t N, typename Expected>
concept structure_bindable_with_N = 
    structure_bindable<T, N>
    && is_get_N<T, N-1, Expected>();

旁注:它可以通过编译器的内在特性来实现 for example - here for clang(由 Avi Lachmish 提供)。


亲爱的朋友@Dvir Yitzchaki pointed out to me that based on the proposed pattern matching syntax by Herb Sutter, you can identify all stucture bindable cases, based on as check inside a concept, not yet in C++20, but already implemented in Circle compiler.

Herb Sutter 与 Circle 编译器实现者 Sean Baxter 一起提出了 isas 模式匹配的想法,作为 Herb 在 CppCon 2021 see here 上的演讲的一部分。

根据他们的谈话,Dvir 想到了我后来详细阐述的想法 working implementation on Circle compiler:

template <typename T>
concept two_elements_structured_bindable = structured_bindable<T>
    && !single_element_structured_bindable<T>
    && two_elements_structured_bindable_<T>;

基于此:

template <typename T>
concept structured_bindable = requires (T t) {
    t as [...]; // note: not supported by C++20
};

template <typename T>
struct single_element_structured_bindable_wrapper {
    auto first() {
        auto[a, ...] = std::declval<T>();  // note: not supported by C++20
        return a;
    }
    using first_type = decltype(first());
};

template <typename T>
concept single_element_structured_bindable = structured_bindable<T>
    && requires (T t) {
    {t as [single_element_structured_bindable_wrapper<T>::first_type]};
};

并且:

template <typename T>
struct two_elements_structured_bindable_wrapper {
    auto first() {
        auto[a, ...] = std::declval<T>(); // note: not supported by C++20
        return a;
    }
    auto second() {
        auto[a, b, ...] = std::declval<T>(); // note: not supported by C++20
        return b;
    }
    using first_type = decltype(first());
    using second_type = decltype(second());
};

template <typename T>
concept two_elements_structured_bindable_ = requires (T t) {
    {t as [
            two_elements_structured_bindable_wrapper<T>::first_type,
            two_elements_structured_bindable_wrapper<T>::second_type
          ]};
};

请注意,它支持检查所有类型的结构绑定:

static_assert(!two_elements_structured_bindable<std::tuple<int, int, int>>);
static_assert(!two_elements_structured_bindable<std::tuple<int>>);
static_assert(!two_elements_structured_bindable<int>);
static_assert(two_elements_structured_bindable<std::tuple<int, int>>);

static_assert(!two_elements_structured_bindable<std::array<int, 3>>);
static_assert(!two_elements_structured_bindable<std::array<int, 1>>);
static_assert(two_elements_structured_bindable<std::array<int, 2>>);

struct Vec3 { float x, y, z; };    
static_assert(!two_elements_structured_bindable<Vec3>);

struct Vec2 { float x, y; };
static_assert(two_elements_structured_bindable<Vec2>);

a CoreCpp meetup, Dvir poured cold water on my solution, with a much shorter one 中提出上述解决方案后:

struct anything // std::any is not good enough for that
{
    template<typename T>
    anything(T&&) {}
};

template<typename T>
concept twople = requires(T t)
{
    t as [anything, anything];
};

我仍然保留上面的长解决方案,因为在我看来它对其他实现有一些价值。


如果您想限制要绑定的类型,您可能更喜欢使用另一种方法,它再次依赖于模式匹配语法,另一种建议 concept:

template <typename T, typename... Ts>
concept TupleLike = requires (T t) {
    {t as [Ts...]}; // note: not supported by C++20
};

可以允许这样的约束:

void foo(TupleLike<double, double, double> auto tup) {
    auto[a, b, c] = tup; // 3 doubles
    // ...
}

Above code 再次基于模式匹配语法,在 C++ 中尚不可用(自 C++20 起),但已在 Circle 编译器中实现。


现在,为了支持 structured_bindable<Size> 的更通用概念,需要使用另一个未来的 C++ 功能,它允许 sizeof...(T)T 上可变参数包,而是任何结构可绑定类型。此功能可能是 p1858 or a related proposal. And again, it is already supported in Circle compiler.

的一部分

这允许 this very simple implementation(再次由 Dvir 提议):

template <typename T, size_t SIZE>
concept has_size_of = sizeof...(T) == SIZE;

template <typename T>
concept structured_bindable = requires (T t) {
    t as [...];
};

template <typename T, size_t SIZE>
concept structured_bindable_with = structured_bindable<T> && has_size_of<T, SIZE>;

因此允许约束可以绑定到一个确切的给定数字,例如:

void foo(const structured_bindable_with<2> auto& v) {
    const auto&[a, b] = v;
    std::cout << a << ", " << b << std::endl;
}

事实上,如果能够提供 sizeof... 成为一个特性,表明你是一个结构可绑定类型(包括可变参数包本身!),那么上面的概念 can simply become:

template <typename T, size_t SIZE>
concept structured_bindable_with = (sizeof...(T) == SIZE);