为什么我的 char 数组长度不正确?

Why is my char array not the correct length?

我有一个程序可以接收密钥。该键移动许多字符环绕 z 并保留大写的纯文本。只有当密文的容器大小不正确时才会出现问题。为什么 ciphertext 数组比我的 planetext 字符串大?

#import <cs50.h>
#import <stdio.h>
#import <math.h>
#import <string.h>
#import <ctype.h>
#import <stdlib.h>

bool is_number(string str);
void print_string(string call, string s);

// Your program must accept a single command-line argument, a non-negative integer. Let’s call it k for the sake of discussion.
int main(int argc, string argv[])
{
    //return error because there was no key given
    if (argc == 1 || !is_number(argv[1]))
    {
        printf("Usage: ./caesar key\n");
        return 1;
    }
    else if (argc != 2){
        printf("Usage: ./caesar key\n");
        return 1;
    }

    string plaintext = get_string("plaintext:");
    char ciphertext[strlen(plaintext)];
    int k = atoll(argv[1]) % 26;
    printf("plain Text: %s\n", plaintext);
    printf("Text len: %lu\n", strlen(plaintext));
    printf("Char len: %lu\n", strlen(ciphertext));
    printf("Char 1: %c\n", ciphertext[0]);
    printf("key length :%i\n", k);
    printf("ciphertext before: %s\n", ciphertext);
    
    for (int i = 0, n = strlen(plaintext); i < n; i++)
    {
        //isupper
        if (isupper(plaintext[i]))
        {
            //does it go past Z?
            if (plaintext[i] + k > 'Z')
            {
                ciphertext[i] = plaintext[i] + k - 'Z' + 'A' - 1;
            }
            // does it not go past Z
            else
            {
                ciphertext[i] = plaintext[i] + k;
            }
        }
        //is lower
        else if (islower(plaintext[i]))
        {
            //does it go past z?
            if (plaintext[i] + k > 'z')
            {
                ciphertext[i] = plaintext[i] + k - 'z' + 'a' - 1;
            }
            // does it not go past z
            else
            {
                ciphertext[i] = plaintext[i] + k;
            }
        }
        // if anything else don't change it
        else
        {
            ciphertext[i] = plaintext[i];
        }
    }
    printf("ciphertext after: %s", ciphertext);
    printf("\n");
    return 0;
}

文本的加扰效果很好。我只是不明白为什么我在某些单元测试结束时会有一些垃圾值。

这是我的代码的输出:

plaintext:a
Plane Text: a
Text len: 1
Char len: 6
Char 1: 
    key length :1 //this is not a tabbing error. This was my output.
ciphertext:b*

plaintext:hello
plain Text: hello
Text len: 5
Char len: 6
Char 1: 
key length :12
ciphertext before: n2
ciphertext after: tqxxa

plaintext:asdfjdnghsidkwqd
plain Text: asdfjdnghsidkwqd
Text len: 16
Char len: 6
Char 1:  
key length :12
ciphertext before:  $
ciphertext after: meprvpzsteupwicp

plaintext:ashdngkdirheknshd
plain Text: ashdngkdirheknshd
Text len: 17
Char len: 0
Char 1: 
key length :12
ciphertext before: 
ciphertext after: metpzswpudtqwzetp'

我注意到 char len 是 6,直到我在 plaintext 字符串中输入超过 16 个字符。然后它下降到 0。我假设我的问题出在某个地方,但我对计算机科学的了解还不够,无法弄清楚发生了什么。能赐教吗?

您需要将 strlen 加一,以便为终止字符串的 '\0' 留出空间。

char ciphertext[strlen(plaintext)];是一个variable-length数组,在C++中是non-standard,见Why aren't variable-length arrays part of the C++ standard?.

无论如何,该声明不提供 space 空终止符。您需要为此添加 +1:

char ciphertext[strlen(plaintext)+1];

然后,确保ciphertext最后未使用的char实际设置为'[=15=]',例如:

// copy some text into ciphertext, then...
ciphertext[LengthActuallyUsed] = '[=11=]';

就此而言,在尝试打印之前,您没有使用 任何 文本数据填充 ciphertext,因此 printf() 将打印垃圾(如果有的话)完全没有)因为 ciphertext 不能保证在其声明中是 null-terminated。