添加和删除具有一对多关系的行的问题

Question

两个 table 都包含唯一约束。我已经为此苦苦挣扎了一段时间。添加和删除命令应该是什么？

边做边加

movie = Movie(title="transformers", director="mb")
movie2 = Movie(title="transformers2", director="mb")
genre = Genre(category="action")
db.session.add(movie)
db.session.add(movie2)
movie.genres.append(genre)
movie2.genres.append(genre)
db.session.commit()

给予

(sqlite3.IntegrityError) UNIQUE constraint failed: genres.category
[SQL: INSERT INTO genres (category) VALUES (?)]
[parameters: ('action',)]
(Background on this error at: http://sqlalche.me/e/14/gkpj)

边做边删

db.session.delete(Movie.query.filter_by(title="t1").first())
db.session.commit()

不删除

预期结果：

如果电影 table 中不存在该标题，则添加一个新行；如果流派 table 中不存在该类型，则添加一个新行并创建一个 link 在协会 table.
正在从电影 table 中删除标题并从关联 table 中删除 link。什么都不做。

我需要更换模型吗？

from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

class Config:
    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite:///:memory:?charset=utf8'
    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_ECHO = False
    SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = 'False'
    FLASK_ENV = 'test'
    DEBUG = True


db = SQLAlchemy()
conf = Config()


def create_app():
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.config.from_object(conf)
    db.init_app(app)

    return app


class Rating(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'ratings'
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey("movies.id"), primary_key=True,)
    rating = db.Column(db.String(4), index=True, nullable=False,)
    movie = db.relationship("Movie", back_populates="rating",)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '{}'.format(self.rating)


Association = db.Table('association',
                       db.Column('movies_id', db.Integer,
                                 db.ForeignKey('movies.id'), index=True,),
                       db.Column(
                           'genres_id',
                           db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('genres.id'), index=True,),
                       )


class Movie(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'movies'
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, index=True,)
    title = db.Column(db.String(80), index=True, unique=True, nullable=False,)
    director = db.Column(db.String(30), primary_key=False,
                         unique=False, nullable=False)
    rating = db.relationship(
        "Rating", uselist=False, back_populates="movie"
    )
    genres = db.relationship(
        "Genre", secondary='association', backref=db.backref('movies'),
    )

    def __repr__(self):
        return '{}'.format(self.title)


class Genre(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'genres'
    id = db.Column(
        db.Integer,
        primary_key=True,
        index=True,
    )
    category = db.Column(
        db.String(80),
        index=True,
        unique=True,
        nullable=False,
    )

    def __repr__(self):
        return '{}'.format(self.category)


app = create_app()
context = app.app_context()
context.push()
db.create_all()

movie = Movie(title="transformers", director="mb")
rating = Rating(rating="5", movie=movie)
genre = Genre(category="action")
db.session.add_all([movie, rating])
movie.genres.append(genre)

try:
    db.session.commit()
    print("commit successfull")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"{e}")
    db.session.rollback()

movie2 = Movie(title="transformers2", director="mb")
rating = Rating(rating="5", movie=movie2)
genre2 = Genre.query.filter_by(category="action").first()
db.session.add_all([movie2, rating])
movie2.genres.append(genre2)

try:
    db.session.commit()
    print("commit successfull")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"{e}")
    db.session.rollback()

to_delete = Movie.query.filter_by(title="transformers").first()

try:
    db.session.delete(to_delete)
    db.session.commit()
    print("deletion successfull")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"{e}")
    db.session.rollback()

context.pop()

这导致

commit successfull
commit successfull
Dependency rule tried to blank-out primary key column 'ratings.id' on instance '<Rating at 0x2022c81bdc8>'

Answer 1

出现 IntegrityError 是因为类型 table 中已经有一个动作类型。在这种情况下，必须从数据库中获取现有类型

movie = Movie(title="transformers", director="mb")
movie2 = Movie(title="transformers2", director="mb")
genre = Genre.query.filter_by(category="action").first()
db.session.add(movie)
db.session.add(movie2)
movie.genres.append(genre)
movie2.genres.append(genre)
db.session.commit()

我无法重现原版问题中的删除问题。然而错误

Dependency rule tried to blank-out primary key column 'ratings.id' on instance '<Rating at 0x2022c81bdc8>'

可以通过对电影模型中的评级关系配置删除 cascade 来删除。

    rating = db.relationship(
        "Rating", uselist=False, back_populates="movie",
        cascade='save-update, merge, delete',
    )

这样可以确保在删除电影时，相关的评级也会被删除。没有它，正如您所发现的，SQLAlchemy 不会尝试删除相关的评级，从而导致错误。

Answer 2

如果你的模型确实像你写的那么简单，我会用Association Proxy来简化这种多对多的关系。

您的代码将按以下方式更改：

添加一个_genre_find_or_create函数：

def _genre_find_or_create(category):
    obj = Genre.query.filter_by(category=category).first()
    return obj or Genre(category=category)

将 Movie 定义更改为 wrap genres


class Movie(db.Model):
    # ...

    _genres = db.relationship(
        "Genre",
        secondary="association",
        backref=db.backref("movies"),
    )
    genres = association_proxy(
        "_genres",
        "category",
        creator=_genre_find_or_create,
    )

那么就可以这样使用了：

# pre-adding data to ensure the category already exists
genre = Genre(category="action")
db.session.add(genre)
db.session.commit()

# adding new data
movie = Movie(title="transformers")  # , director="mb")
movie2 = Movie(title="transformers2")  # , director="mb")
db.session.add(movie)
db.session.add(movie2)
# OLD way:
# genre = Genre(category="action")
# movie.genres.append(genre)
# movie2.genres.append(genre)
# NEW way: use just 'category'
movie.genres.append("action")
movie2.genres.append("action")

db.session.commit()

另请参阅另一个 question 使用此解决方案。

不过，我还是不明白为什么您对 DELETE 有疑问。您的示例代码运行s 正确，当我运行时生成下面的 SQL 语句：

DELETE FROM association WHERE association.movies_id = ? AND association.genres_id = ?
DELETE FROM movies WHERE movies.id = ?

更新：删除 鉴于更新后的模型，很明显删除与 Movie 和 Rating.

之间的一对一关系有关

简单的解决方案是将 cascade="delete" 添加到 Movie.rating 关系中，这将在删除 Movie 的情况下删除 Rating 相关实例：

rating = db.relationship(
    "Rating",
    uselist=False,
    back_populates="movie",
    cascade="delete",  # <- **NEW**
)

阅读更多关于Cascades

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